Pregunta 1
Pregunta
This image shows the different efferent nerve pathways. Label the red boxes with the neurotransmitter released from that particular synapse and label the green boxes with the receptors that receive them.
Respuesta
-
Acetylcholine
-
Acetylcholine
-
Acetylcholine
-
Acetycholine
-
Acetylcholine
-
Adrenaline
-
Nicotinic
-
Nicotinic
-
Nicotinic
-
Nicotinic
-
Adrenergic
-
Noradrenaline
-
Adrenergic
-
Nicotinic
-
Acetylcholine
-
Muscarinic
-
Acetylcholine
-
Muscarinic
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Preganglionic fibres always release acetylcholine at the synapse.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors respond to which neurotransmitter?
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Which cholinergic receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor?
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
How many subtypes of muscarinic receptor are there?
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which muscarinic receptor subtype reduces the force of contraction in the cardiac atria?
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which muscarinic receptor subtype is involved in the activation of phospholipase C in smooth muscular and glandular tissue?
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which cholinergic receptors are non-selective cation channels?
Respuesta
-
Nicotinic receptors
-
Muscarinic receptors
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
How many subunits do nicotinic receptors have?
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What is the correct composition of the nicotinic receptors in terms of subunits?
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Which subunits does acetylcholine bind to on nicotinic receptors?
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Why can we block muscle nicotinic receptors whilst not affecting ganglionic nicotinic receptors?
Respuesta
-
Different composition
-
Muscle receptors respond to acetycholine whereas ganglionic receptors respond to adrenaline
-
Different shaped alpha subunits
-
Ganglionic nicotinic receptors are inaccessible to drugs
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
How many subtypes do alpha adrenergic receptors have?
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
The alpha adrenergic receptors have subtypes of subtypes i.e. a-1A, a-1B
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which alpha adrenergic receptor subtype stimulates phospholipase C to raise cellular Ca2+?
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Which alpha receptor subtype activates Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase and raise cellular cAMP levels?
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Why are A2 adrenergic receptors often located presynaptically?
Respuesta
-
They inhibit the release of noradrenaline when stimulated by the release of noradrenaline
-
They release noradrenaline
-
They release acetylcholine
-
They synthesise noradrenaline
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
How many subtypes to the beta adrenergic receptors have?
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
All beta adrenergic receptor subtypes activate adenylate cyclase to increase cellular cAMP levels.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The B1 adrenergic receptor is the main subtype of what?
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The B2 adrenergic receptor subtype is the main subtype of what?
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
The B3 adrenergic receptors are the main receptors of what?
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
What is NANC transmission?
Respuesta
-
Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmission
-
Noradrenergic non-cholinergic transmission
-
Not Associated with Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors
-
Noradrenergic nicotinic cholernic transmission
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
When does NANC transmission often occur?
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
What is co-transmission?
Respuesta
-
The release of two neurotransmitters alongside one another
-
The inhibition of the release of a neurotransmitter by its own increasing levels
-
The release of one neurotransmitter followed by another
-
The stimulation of the same effector by multiple different neurons simultaneously
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Co-transmission allows different patterns of neurotransmitter release in response to different levels of stimulation.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
NANC can occur in both ganglionic and post-ganglionic synapses.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system always act in opposition to one another.
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
Respuesta
-
Inhibits the sinoatrial node
-
Stimulates the sinoatrial node
-
Increases ventricular preload
-
Increases atrial afterload
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to describe the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart.
The parasympathetic nervous system acts on the heart by postganglionic fibres in the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve. The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the [blank_start]sinoatrial node[blank_end]. This reduces h[blank_start]eart rate[blank_end], reduces c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end] and reduces b[blank_start]lood pressure[blank_end]. The parasympathetic nervous system also reduces [blank_start]conduction velocity[blank_end] in the [blank_start]atrioventricular[blank_end] node.
Respuesta
-
vagus
-
sinoatrial node
-
eart rate
-
ardiac output
-
lood pressure
-
conduction velocity
-
atrioventricular
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Which nerves mediate parasympathetic activity on the blood vessels?
Respuesta
-
Vagal and sacral
-
Sacral and thoracic
-
Lumbar and vagal
-
Lumbar and sacral
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Why does the parasympathetic nervous system have little effect on total peripheral resistance?
Respuesta
-
Only a few vascular beds are parasympathetically innervated
-
Almost all vascular beds are parasympathetically innervated
-
Parasympathetic nerves do not affect blood vessel diameter
-
Blood vessels have cholinergic muscarinic receptors
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchioconstriction.
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system causes relaxation of intestinal sphincters?
Respuesta
-
Parasympathetic
-
Sympathetic
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The parasympathetic nervous system controls accommodation for near vision.
1. The parasympathetic nervous system causes [blank_start]contraction[blank_end] of the [blank_start]ciliary[blank_end] muscle.
2. This relaxes tension on the [blank_start]lens[blank_end].
3. The lens [blank_start]thickens[blank_end].
4. The [blank_start]focal distance[blank_end] shortens.
Respuesta
-
contraction
-
ciliary
-
lens
-
thickens
-
focal distance
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?
Respuesta
-
Contracts the sphincter pupillae muscle in iris to control light entry into eye
-
Contracts ciliary muscle to relax tension on the lens
-
Contracts the ciliary muscle to control light entry into the eye
-
Contracts the sphincter pupillae muscle in iris to relax tension on lens
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What are the baroreceptors?
Respuesta
-
Pressure receptors
-
Temperature receptors
-
pH receptors
-
Blood glucose receptors
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Where are the baroreceptors found? Check all that apply.
Respuesta
-
Carotid sinuses
-
Aortic arch
-
Vena cava
-
Cerebellum
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pituitary gland
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Where are pressure signals from the baroreceptors relayed back to?
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks to describe the baroreceptor reflex.
1. Blood pressure distends the arterial walls.
2. [blank_start]Baroreceptors[blank_end] in the c[blank_start]arotid sinuses[blank_end] and a[blank_start]ortic arch[blank_end] stimulated by tension.
3. Signals relayed to [blank_start]nucleus tractus solitarius[blank_end] in the [blank_start]brainstem[blank_end] which compares blood pressure to a set point.
4. The NTS increases [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] drive to the heart and reduces [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] drive to the heart. This reduces h[blank_start]eart rate[blank_end] and reduces c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end]. The NTS also reduces arterial [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] to reduce total peripheral [blank_start]resistance[blank_end]. The NTS also reduces [blank_start]venous[blank_end] constriction to [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] cardiac output.
5. Blood pressure = c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end] x t[blank_start]otal peripheral resistance[blank_end], so blood pressure falls to a set point.
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetate to prevent too strong a stimulus?
Respuesta
-
Acetylcholinesterase
-
Acetylcholinehydrolase
-
Acetylcholinehydratase
-
Acetylcholinelyase
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
How do we relate cholinergic transmission to pharmacology?
Respuesta
-
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce Ach breakdown and prolong postsynaptic stimulation
-
Ca2+ supplementation increases stimulation
-
Na+ supplementation increases stimulation
-
Ca2+ release inhibition increases stimulation
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Fill in the blanks below to describe closed angle glaucoma.
1. Aqueous humour drains out of the eye via the canal of [blank_start]Shlemm[blank_end].
2. In closed angle glaucoma, the angle between the i[blank_start]ris[blank_end] and the [blank_start]cornea[blank_end] becomes occluded, meaning drainage is [blank_start]inhibited[blank_end]. This causes pressure buildup in the eye. By administering an [blank_start]acetylcholinesterase[blank_end] inhibitor via eye drops, we can increase [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end] transmission and [blank_start]contract[blank_end] the ciliary body in order to release tension and create a passage through which humour can drain.
Respuesta
-
Shlemm
-
ris
-
cornea
-
inhibited
-
acetylcholinesterase
-
cholinergic
-
contract
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
How does botulinum toxin inhibit Ach release from the presynaptic neuron?
Respuesta
-
Binds to and degrades SNAP-25 SNARE protein to prevent vesicular fusion
-
Binds to and inhibits Ca2+ channels in the synaptic knob to prevent vesicular fusion
-
Breaks down acetylcholine
-
Allosteric activator of acetylcholinesterase
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
Why does the botulinum toxin reduce muscle contraction?
Respuesta
-
Prevents cholinergic stimulation of muscarinic receptors on muscle cells
-
Prevents calcium influx into muscle cells
-
Stimulates calcium reabsorption into sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
-
Breaks down vesicles to prevent vesicular release
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
The autonomic nervous system directly affects peristalsis etc in the GI tract.