2612456
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Respuesta
-
glomerulus
-
nephron
-
medulla
-
cortex
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which part of the nephron is mainly responsible for regulating the concentration of urine?
Respuesta
-
Distal tubule
-
Proximal tubule
-
Loop of Henle
-
Collecting duct
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
Which hormone is required for the reabsorption of water in the collecting tubule?
Respuesta
-
Renin
-
Angiotensin
-
ADH
-
ANP
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What is the main solute that is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Respuesta
-
potassium K
-
sodium chloride NaCl
-
hydrogen H
-
urea
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Which hormones serve to increase blood pressure? Select all.
Respuesta
-
angiotensin
-
aldosterone
-
Renin
-
ADH
-
epinephrine
-
norepinephrine
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What is the net outward pressure that influences glomerular filtration?
Respuesta
-
20 mmHg
-
10 mmHg
-
15 mmHg
-
5 mmHg
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Which hormone is produced by the nephrons?
Respuesta
-
Renin
-
ADH
-
ANP
-
Epinephrine
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Up to __% of renal function can be lost before renal failure is noticeable.
Respuesta
-
80%
-
75%
-
20%
-
50%
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
60-70% of acute renal failure is caused by which type of failure?
Respuesta
-
Pre-renal failure
-
Intra-renal failure
-
Post-renal failure
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Pre-renal failure is caused by what?
Respuesta
-
Renal hypo-perfusion
-
Obstruction to the urinary tract
-
Acute tubular necrosis
-
Glomerulonephritis
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Check off all possible causes of post-renal failure.
Respuesta
-
renal calculi
-
ureteral stricture
-
benign prostatic hyperplasia
-
dehydration
-
cardiogenic shock
-
glomerulonephritis
-
pyelonephritis
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Check off all possible causes of intra-renal failure.
Respuesta
-
Acute tubular necrosis
-
glomerulonephritis
-
pyelonephritis
-
nephrotic syndrome
-
ureteral stricture
-
cardiogenic shock
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
90% of intra-renal failure is caused by which of the following?
Respuesta
-
Acute tubular necrosis
-
Glomerulonephritis
-
Pyelonephritis
-
Nephrotic syndrome
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Acute tubular necrosis (intra-renal failure) is caused by which of the following? Select all.
Respuesta
-
Prolonged renal ischemia from pre-renal failure
-
Exposure to nephrotoxic drugs
-
Intratubular obstruction (e.g. muscle trauma - release of myoglobin)
-
An immunologic disorder causing glomerular inflammation
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Proteinuria and hematuria, two main symptoms of glomerulonephritis, are caused by what?
Respuesta
-
Entrapment in the glomerulus of antigen-antibody complexes produced in response to an infection
-
Prolonged renal ischemia from pre-renal failure
-
Nephrotoxic drugs, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and radiologic contrast media
-
Baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Loss of transport proteins is part of the process of nephrotic syndrome. What is the result of this loss?
Respuesta
-
Decreased Vitamin D and thyroxine
-
Increased filtration of plasma proteins
-
Renal ischemia
-
Intratubular obstruction
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Pyelonephritis is caused by which of the following?
Respuesta
-
Bacterial infection
-
Nephrotoxic drugs
-
Intratubular obstruction
-
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Women and the elderly are at higher risk for which of the following?
Respuesta
-
Glomerulonephritis
-
Pyelonephritis
-
Acute tubular necrosis
-
Pre-renal failure
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
In which stage of acute renal failure would you expect to see the following: renal flow at 25% of normal, decreased O2 saturation, decreased urine output, and increased Na in urine?
Respuesta
-
Initiating stage
-
Oliguric-anuric stage
-
Diuretic stage
-
Recovery stage
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Does increased urine output happen early or late in the process of acute renal failure?
Respuesta
-
Early
-
Late
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Select all signs and symptoms of acute uremia.
Respuesta
-
Hypokalemia
-
Increased BUN
-
Pruritus
-
Potential anemia
-
Hyperventilation
-
Thrombosis
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
What are the leading causes of chronic renal failure?
Respuesta
-
Nephrotoxic drugs
-
Recurrent urinary tract infections
-
Diabetes
-
Hypertension
-
Glomerulonephritis
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A patient presents with the following: mild anemia, increased BUN and serum creatinine, and nocturia. This patient is in which stage of chronic renal failure?
Respuesta
-
Reduced renal reserve
-
Renal insufficiency
-
Renal failure
-
ESRD
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hyperphosphatemia are all signs of which stage of chronic renal failure?
Respuesta
-
Reduced renal reserve
-
Renal insufficiency
-
Renal failure
-
ESRD
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Renal osteodystrophies is a clinical manifestation of chronic renal failure. What is the cause of this manifestation?
Respuesta
-
Impaired vitamin D synthesis
-
Metabolic acidosis
-
Negative nitrogen balance due to high protein breakdown
-
Decreased platelet activity
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Are thyroid hormones low or high in chronic kidney disease?
Respuesta
-
High
-
Low
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Select all appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with chronic kidney disease.
Respuesta
-
Supplemental vitamin D
-
High potassium diet
-
ACE inhibitors
-
Dialysis
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which symptom is common throughout ALL stages of chronic kidney disease?
Respuesta
-
Hyperphosphatemia
-
Anemia
-
HTN
-
Hyperkalemia
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Select all possible causes of decreased pH of the urine.
Respuesta
-
Diabetes
-
Starvation
-
UTI
-
Consumption of citrus
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Select all possible causes of a decrease in specific gravity of the urine.
Respuesta
-
Renal failure
-
Pyelonephritis
-
Dehydration
-
UTI
-
Acute tubular necrosis
-
Excessive fluid intake
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What are the normal values of urine pH?
Respuesta
-
4.8-8.0
-
4.0-6.0
-
2.0-3.8
-
6.0-9.0
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What are the normal ranges of specific gravity of urine?
Respuesta
-
4.8-8.0
-
1.025-1.032
-
1.0-2.0
-
1.020-1.045
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What is the normal range of BUN?
Respuesta
-
10-20 mg/dL
-
10-20 mg/mL
-
15-30 mg/dL
-
20-25 mg/mL
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What is the normal range of creatinine clearance?
Respuesta
-
0.7-1.5 mg/dL
-
0.8-2.0 mg/dL
-
0.7-1.0 mg/mL
-
0.5-1.5 mg/mL
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The rate of _____ clearance is directly proportional to the rate of filtration of water and solutes across the glomerular membrane.
Respuesta
-
Inulin
-
Creatinine
-
Urea
-
Sodium
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The GFR is directly related to:
Respuesta
-
Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries
-
Diffusion rate in the renal cortex
-
Diffusion rate in the renal medulla
-
Glomerular active transport
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
What force(s) creates passive transport of water in the proximal tubule?
Respuesta
-
Peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
Peritubular capillary oncotic and osmotic pressures
-
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
-
Interstitial oncotic and osmotic pressures
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
______ is a hormone synthesized and secreted by the kidneys.
Respuesta
-
Erythropoietin
-
ADH
-
ANP
-
Aldosterone
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with RBC casts and proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/day, with albumin as the major protein. These data suggests the presence of which disorder?
Respuesta
-
Cystitis
-
Chronic pyelonephritis
-
Glomerulonephritis
-
Nephrotic syndrome
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
Respuesta
-
Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
-
When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
-
Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
-
Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.
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