Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What are the three ways in which a signal is terminated at a synapse?
Respuesta
-
Reuptake
-
Enzymatic breakdown
-
Negative feedback via autoreceptors on the presynaptic membrane
-
Positive feedback via autoreceptors on the presynaptic membrane
-
Depolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What are some examples of anxiolytics?
Respuesta
-
Benzodiazepines
-
Barbiturates
-
Alcohol
-
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
-
SSRI's
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What are some examples of anti-depressants?
Respuesta
-
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
-
Tricyclic
-
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
-
Barbiturates
-
Benzodiazepines
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
What are some examples of anti-psychotics?
Respuesta
-
Typical neuroleptics
-
Atypical neuroleptics
-
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
-
Benzodiazepines
-
Alcohol
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
How do anxiolytics work?
Respuesta
-
They bind to a different site to GABA and increase the affinity of the receptor for GABA, causing increased inhibition and the user to feel drowsy.
-
They inhibit the neurotransmission at a synaptic junction which creates fewer excitatory signals in the post-synaptic membrane.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Novel anxiolytics that block peripheral receptors instead of central ones relieve sedative symptoms.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Depression is thought to be caused by monoaminergic synaptic hyperactivity.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What do MAOI's do?
Respuesta
-
Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline into the pre-synaptic knob.
-
Inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme that breaks down serotonin and noradrenaline neurotransmitters.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What do TCA and SSRI's do?
Respuesta
-
They inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline from the synaptic cleft.
-
They inhibit monoamine oxidase which breaks serotonin and noradrenaline down.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
TCA's are much more selective than SSRI's at blocking serotonin rather than noradrenaline at monoaminergic synapses.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Typical neuroleptics are more selective at blocking dopamine receptors.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Psychosis is thought to be caused by dopaminergic hyperactivity.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Why can anti-psychotics sometimes cause parkinsonian?
Respuesta
-
Anti-psychotics reduce the activity at dopaminergic synapses. This can be so extreme that motor function is impaired and parkinson like symptoms are experienced.
-
Anti-psychotics increase the activity at dopaminergic synapses. This can be so extreme that motor function is impaired and parkinson like symptoms are experienced.
-
Anti-psychotics reduce the activity at monoaminergic synapses. This can be so extreme that motor function is impaired and parkinson like symptoms are experienced.
-
Anti-psychotics increase the activity at monoaminergic synapses. This can be so extreme that motor function is impaired and parkinson like symptoms are experienced.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
As well as parkinsonian, what other motor symptoms can anti-psychotics produce? (CLOZAPINE DOES NOT PRODUCE THIS)
Respuesta
-
Tardive dyskinesia
-
Duchene muscular dystrophy
-
Ataxia
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Which three areas of the brain are affected by anti-psychotics?
Respuesta
-
Mesolimbal
-
Mesocortical
-
Nigrostriatal
-
Lateral hypothalamic area
-
Primary gustatory cortex
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What do mechanical nociceptors respond to? What is an example?
Respuesta
-
A-delta fibres
-
C fibres
-
Sharp cuts or Blunt force
-
Damaging heat
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
What do polymodal nociceptors respond to? What is an example?
Respuesta
-
A-delta fibres
-
C fibres
-
Many modalities
-
Only a few modalities
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Myelination tends to reflect upon what property of a primary sensory neurone?
Respuesta
-
That is transmits a fast, sharp pain.
-
That it transmits a slow, dull pain.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Frequency coding states what?
Respuesta
-
The greater the pain stimulus is, the higher the frequency of action potentials fired from the periphery to the CNS.
-
The lower the pain stimulus is, the higher the frequency of action potentials fired from the periphery to the CNS.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
The laminar order in which primary sensory neurones synapse in the spinal cord means that each "sheet" in the spinal cord receives input from a particular part of the body (somatotopic)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
When a painful stimulus is detected and an action potential is propagated to the spinal cord, how is the pain then transmitted up to the brain?
Respuesta
-
Excitatory neurotransmitters are released from the a-delta/c fibre and this causes pain signals to be carried to the brain.
-
Excitatory neurotransmitter are released from the a-delta/c fibre which stimulate an inhibitory interneurone to inhibit the GATEKEEPER. This inhibits the inhibitory GATEKEEPER and weakens the inhibition that the GATEKEEPER provides to the ascending pain signal. This allows pain signals to carry up to the brain.
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Rubbing your knee activates a-beta mechanoreceptor fibres which cause excitatory neurotransmitter release to the GATEKEEPER which then releases more inhibitory signals to block pain signals going to the brain.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The GATEKEEPER sends out excitatory signals to aid pain signals passing up to the brain.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Where is pain perceived?
Respuesta
-
Subcortically (before the cortex)
-
At the cortex
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Where is pain localised?
Respuesta
-
The cortex
-
Subcortically (before the cortex)
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The emotional (psychogenic) element of pain means that it is not just a single part of the brain that takes part in pain signal processing, but many different regions that co-ordinate together.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Descending pathways that release endogenous opioids act where?
Respuesta
-
The GATEKEEPER to enhance inhibition of pain signals ascending to the brain.
-
The GATEKEEPER to enhance pain signals ascending to the brain.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Primary hyperalgesia occurs where?
Respuesta
-
CNS
-
Peripheral nervous system
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Secondary hyperalgesia occurs where?
Respuesta
-
CNS
-
Peripheral nervous system
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Primary hyperalgesia occurs due to what process?
Respuesta
-
Noxious stimulus occurs after initial injury -> AXON REFLEX -> SP and CGRP release -> vasodilatation + immune cell activation -> Bradykinin, PG etc "inflammatory soup"
-
Noxious stimulus occurs after initial injury -> AXON REFLEX -> Bradykinin and CGRP release -> vasodilatation + immune cell activation -> SP, PG etc "inflammatory soup"
-
Noxious stimulus occurs after initial injury -> AXON REFLEX -> SP and Bradykinin release -> vasodilatation + immune cell activation -> CGRP, PG etc "inflammatory soup"
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Which receptor does substance P act?
Respuesta
-
NK-1
-
AMPA
-
NMDA
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which receptor does Glutamate act at?
Respuesta
-
NK-1
-
AMPA
-
NMDA
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Glutamate is usually released during normal, acute pain, rather than Substance P.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Why does binding of Substance P and Glutamate cause secondary hyperalgesia?
Respuesta
-
Binding of Substance P and Glutamate activate the NK-1 and AMPA receptors respectively. This causes sufficient depolarisation in order to repel the magnesium dependent block out of the VG Ca2+ channel. Calcium entry causes 2ndry messenger activation and increased neurone responsiveness. This increases the rate of AP firing and explains why pain is more intense in secondary hyperalgesia.
-
Binding of Substance P and Glutamate activate the AMPA and NK-1 receptors respectively. This causes sufficient depolarisation in order to repel the magnesium dependent block out of the VG Ca2+ channel. Calcium entry causes 2ndry messenger activation and increased neurone responsiveness. This increases the rate of AP firing and explains why pain is more intense in secondary hyperalgesia.
-
Binding of Substance P and Glutamate activate the NK-1 and AMPA receptors respectively. This causes sufficient depolarisation in order to repel the calcium dependent block out of the VG Ca2+ channel. Calcium entry causes 2ndry messenger activation and increased neurone responsiveness. This increases the rate of AP firing and explains why pain is more intense in secondary hyperalgesia.
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Neuropathic pain is the overall sensation of pain; the physiological factor and the psychogenic factor.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Name two types of endogenous opioids
Respuesta
-
Enkephalins
-
Beta-endorphins
-
Naloxone
-
Pethidine
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Name two types of therapeutic agent opioids
Respuesta
-
Heroin
-
Codeine
-
Methadone
-
Fentanyl
-
Beta-endorphins
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Name four types of synthetic agent opioids
Respuesta
-
Pethidine
-
Fentanyl
-
Methadone
-
Buprenorphine (partial agonist)
-
Fluoxetine
-
Enkephalins
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Opioids are usually administered parenterally as the GIT does not absorb opioids well.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
What are the three sites of action for opioids?
Respuesta
-
Inhibition of primary sensory neurones synapsing to second order neurones in the spinal cord
-
Excitation of the nucleus raphe magnus which causes inhibition of pain signals at the spinal cord level
-
Excitation of the nucleus reticularis which causes inhibition of pain signals at the spinal cord level
-
Decreased excitability of peripheral nociceptor neurones
Pregunta 41
Respuesta
-
Activation of the G-protein
-
Less opening of Ca2+ channels - less neurotransmitter release
-
More opening of K+ channels - leading to hyperpolarisation
Pregunta 42
Respuesta
-
Activation of G-protein
-
Less opening of Ca2+ channels - less neurotransmitter release
-
More opening of K+ channels - leading to hyperpolarisation
Pregunta 43
Respuesta
-
Activation of the G-protein
-
Less opening of Ca2+ channels - less neurotransmitter release
-
More opening of K+ channels - leading to hyperpolarisation
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Opioids inhibit adenylyl cyclase which leads to increased cAMP levels.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
What effects occur due to opioid action?
Respuesta
-
Analgesia
-
Constriction of smooth muscle at all sites
-
Nausea
-
Relaxation of smooth muscle at all sites
-
Euphoria at all sites
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
What are two problems with prolonged opioid use?
Respuesta
-
Tolerance - due to increased adenylyl cyclase expression
-
Dependence - withdrawal symptoms
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
NSAIDS are cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
Aspirin is a competitive inhibitor of COX.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
COX enzymes catalyse the reaction that turns arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Inhibition of COX therefore reduces prostaglandin production and thus inflammation.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
As a result of the action of NSAIDs, what effects are produced?
Respuesta
-
Anti-pyretic - decreases the temp set point in the hypothalamus
-
Anti-inflammatory - dec PG = dec vasodilation
-
Analgesia - dec PG = decrease sensitivity of nerves to inflammatory pain
-
Anti-inflammatory - dec PG = inc vasodilation
-
Anti-pyretic - decreases the temp set point in the basal ganglia
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Prostaglandins help to produce the mucus lining of the stomach, therefore NSAIDs can cause increased risk of peptic ulcers.
Respuesta
- True
- False
¿Quieres crear tus propios Tests gratis con GoConqr? Más información.