Pregunta 1
Pregunta
What does lipid theory say?
Respuesta
-
When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.05mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
-
When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.5mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
-
When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.5mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
-
When the concentration of general anaesthetic exceeds 0.1mM, anaesthesia is induced as a result of a lipid volume increase of 0.4%. The lipid expansion interferes with nerve impulse conduction and thus anaesthesia is induced.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
What can reverse lipid theory?
Respuesta
-
High pressure - reduces lipid volume back to normal
-
Low pressure - reduces lipid volume back to normal
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
What is protein theory?
Respuesta
-
A concentration of general anaesthetic that reaches 0.05mM leads to a lipid volume increase of 0.4% which induces anaesthesia. This is because the increase in lipid volume interferes with conduction of nerve impulses.
-
Lipid solubility of general anaesthetics is required for the general anaesthetic to reach a hydrophobic pocket on a channel protein. Channel proteins targeted are usually ion channels like GABA, K+ or nAchR.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Optical isomers of GA have the same lipid solubility and the same potency.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What are the inhibitory responses caused by general anaesthetics?
Respuesta
-
Opening of K+ channels (efflux)
-
Increase GABA activity
-
Inhibit excitatory channels such as nAchR
-
Increase glutaminergic activity
-
Opening of K+ channels (influx)
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
What is meant by the cut-off phenomenon?
Respuesta
-
The lipid solubility of a GA (and thus its potency) increases with the number of carbons in a GA but after a certain point (usually >11 carbons) the GA's potency abruptly declines.
-
After a certain high dose of GA, the patients condition rapidly deteriorates.
-
The general anaesthetic stops working after a certain period of time.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
GA have a large therapeutic window.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
The minimum alveolar concentration effectively describes what?
Respuesta
-
The more lipid soluble a GA is, the lower the concentration required in inspired air.
-
The more lipid soluble a GA is, the higher the concentration required in inspired air.
-
The less lipid soluble a GA is, the lower the concentration required in inspired air.
-
The less lipid soluble a GA is, the higher the concentration required in inspired air.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
What increases transfer of GA to the alveoli?
Respuesta
-
Increased concentration of GA
-
Increased rate and depth of breathing
-
Decreased concentration of GA
-
Decreased rate and depth of breathing
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
A higher blood:gas partition coefficient means that the GA is highly soluble in blood.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
A GA with a high blood:gas partition coefficient will travel to the brain much quicker than one with a lower blood:gas partition coefficient.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Why would pulmonary blood flow increase help with absorption of GA when GA concentration in the body is initially low?
Respuesta
-
It maintains a high, favourable concentration gradient for the absorption of GA from the lungs into the blood, therefore increasing speed of induction.
-
It helps to increase blood flow to the brain to increase the concentration of general anaesthetic in the desired place.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What tissue has a high tissue:blood partition coefficient?
Respuesta
-
Adipose tissue
-
Muscle tissue
-
Brain tissue
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Overall, what is evidence for lipid theory?
Respuesta
-
Volume expansion of the lipid bilayer
-
Cut-off phenomenon
-
Stereoselectivity
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
Overall, what is evidence for protein theory?
Respuesta
-
Volume expansion of the lipid bilayer
-
Cut-off phenomenon
-
Stereoselectivity
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
GA is usually metabolised by the body and excreted in the urine.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Both blood:gas and tissue:blood partition coefficients are inversely proportional to the speed of induction of GA.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
What is an advantage of using halothane?
Respuesta
-
Potent and fast acting
-
Pleasant odour
-
Less liver damage
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What is a disadvantage of sevoflurane?
Respuesta
-
Liver toxicity
-
Bad smell
-
Possible seizures
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Intravenous GA is usually used for induction.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Intravenously administered thiopental and propofol act at which receptors?
Respuesta
-
GABA-a receptors
-
GABA-b receptors
-
NMDA
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Intravenously administered ketamine act at what receptors?
Respuesta
-
NMDA
-
GABA-a
-
GABA-b
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Adjuncts are used to enhance the potency of a GA.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Give some examples of adjuncts used for GA administration.
Respuesta
-
Anxiolytics
-
Anti-depressants
-
Anti-psychotics
-
Anti-emetics
-
Muscle relaxants
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