28503096
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
All the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules is ________.
Respuesta
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
A special instrument to determine how much energy a food contains is called a ________.
Respuesta
-
densitometer
-
barometer
-
kilometer
-
calorimeter
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
The process of making larger molecules from smaller ones is called ________.
Respuesta
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The process of breaking down large, complex molecules is ________.
Respuesta
-
anabolism
-
catabolism
-
metabolism
-
photosynthesis
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The primary metabolic by-product of alcohol oxidation is ________.
Respuesta
-
pyruvate
-
glycogen
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
A catabolic process by which a larger molecule is broken down by the addition of water is ________.
Respuesta
-
condensation
-
oxidation
-
hydrolysis
-
metabolism
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway ________.
Respuesta
-
that breaks down fats
-
that generates energy
-
that occurs in the nucleus
-
for synthesizing amino acids to form proteins
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Glycolysis begins with ________ and ends with ________.
Respuesta
-
amino acids; hormones
-
pyruvate; glucose
-
glucose; pyruvic acid
-
glucose; glycogen
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
________ mediate metabolic reactions
Respuesta
-
Enzymes
-
Hormones
-
Fats
-
Carbohydrates
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
In the absence of ________ pyruvate is converted to ________.
Respuesta
-
energy; fatty acids
-
glucose; acetyl CoA
-
oxygen; lactic acid
-
glycogen; glucose
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
During metabolism, glucose is degraded to CO2 and water. The carbon dioxide is produced in ________.
Respuesta
-
the red blood cells
-
the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
-
the electron transport chain
-
glycolysis
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Respuesta
-
membrane
-
adipose tissue
-
mitochondria
-
nucleus
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) reactions begin with ________.
Respuesta
-
pyruvate
-
glycogen
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) activity decreases when ________ availability is limited.
Respuesta
-
oxygen
-
oxaloacetate
-
fatty acid
-
urea
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA ________.
Respuesta
-
occurs in the cytosol
-
requires CO2
-
is irreversible
-
is an anaerobic reaction
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
An acetyl CoA molecule can be converted to ________.
Respuesta
-
glucose
-
glycogen
-
fatty acids
-
lactic acid
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Respuesta
-
membrane
-
nucleus
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The breakdown of fatty acids occurs in the ________ of the cell.
Respuesta
-
membrane
-
nucleus
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
________ shuttles fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria.
Respuesta
-
ATP
-
Carnitine
-
Pyruvate
-
Acetyl CoA
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
Fatty acids have relatively few oxygen atoms compared with ________, which results in a greater ATP production.
Respuesta
-
oxaloacetate
-
glucose
-
mitochondria
-
cytosol
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
The unique "side group" that remains after the amine group has been removed from a protein includes ________.
Respuesta
-
ammonia
-
a carbon skeleton
-
acetyl CoA
-
glucose
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A highly toxic compound released during the deamination of amino acids is ________.
Respuesta
-
ketone
-
keto acid
-
ammonia
-
urea
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can be converted to ________ to produce energy.
Respuesta
-
glucose
-
acetyl CoA
-
glycerol
-
glycogen
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Excess dietary protein is converted to ________.
Respuesta
-
muscle
-
glycogen
-
triglycerides
-
glucose
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
After prolonged fasting, the brain adapts to using ________ to meet some of its fuel needs.
Respuesta
-
glycerol
-
ketones
-
fatty acids
-
amino acids
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Which alcohol metabolic pathway is utilized with high alcohol consumption?
Respuesta
-
alcohol dehydrogenase
-
aldehyde dehydrogenase
-
ADH
-
MEOS
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Which micronutrients are classified as water- or fat-soluble?
Respuesta
-
trace minerals
-
major minerals
-
vitamins
-
all vitamins and minerals
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Fat-soluble vitamins ________.
Respuesta
-
are not stored in the body
-
can become toxic with overconsumption
-
are not found in foods
-
are macronutrients
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
An inorganic micronutrient that is required in the amount of 200mg per day is a ________.
Respuesta
-
fat-soluble vitamin
-
major mineral
-
trace mineral
-
major vitamin
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed ________.
Respuesta
-
through the stomach lining
-
into the blood
-
poorly, so they must be consumed daily
-
into the lymph
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Which of the following statements is correct?
Respuesta
-
We absorb 100% of heme iron.
-
We absorb about 3-5% of heme iron.
-
We absorb about 25% of heme iron.
-
Non-heme iron is the only type that is absorbed.
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which of the following statements about the absorption of minerals is FALSE?
Respuesta
-
Lactose increases the absorption of calcium.
-
Vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron.
-
Dietary fat increases the absorption of vitamin A.
-
Oxalic acid increases the absorption of iron.
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin K and the prevention of ________.
Respuesta
-
osteoporosis
-
diabetes
-
heart disease
-
obesity
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Research has suggested a link between adequate intakes of vitamin C and the prevention of ________.
Respuesta
-
the measles
-
cataracts
-
diabetes
-
beriberi
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Which of these statements is FALSE?
Respuesta
-
Calcium may protect against hypertension.
-
Magnesium may protect against sarcopenia.
-
Vitamin E may protect against obesity.
-
Vitamin D may protect against colon cancer.
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Which statement is TRUE?
Respuesta
-
Taking supplements is the best way to assure adequate vitamin and mineral intakes.
-
Whole foods are more healthful than their individual nutrients.
-
All adults need the same amount of micronutrients.
-
Each micronutrient has only one role in the body.
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
This protein accelerates the rate of chemical reactions but is not used up or changed during these reactions and is called a(n) ________.
Respuesta
-
folate
-
enzyme
-
hormone
-
nucleic acid
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
A(n) ________ is activated when it is combined with a coenzyme.
Respuesta
-
cell membrane
-
ATP
-
hormone
-
enzyme
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The primary role of the B-vitamins is to ________.
Respuesta
-
provide energy
-
regulate blood glucose
-
act as coenzymes
-
reduce cholesterol
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Some B-vitamins when taken in excess can be ________.
Respuesta
-
cleared by the kidney
-
toxic to the body
-
stored in the adipose tissue
-
excreted in the feces
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in biochemical pathways that ________.
Respuesta
-
synthesize body tissues and lean body mass
-
promote proper nutrient digestion and absorption
-
release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein
-
control fluid equilibrium and mineral balance
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
One of the first B-vitamin discovered was ________.
Respuesta
-
thiamin
-
niacin
-
pyridoxine
-
cobalamin
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
A deficiency of thiamin that affects the cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal system is called ________.
Respuesta
-
pellagra
-
scurvy
-
rickets
-
beriberi
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
People with the greatest risk of thiamin and riboflavin deficiency are ________.
Respuesta
-
infants
-
adolescents
-
the elderly
-
pregnant women
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The average American adult consumes ________ amounts of thiamin in their diets.
Respuesta
-
toxic
-
adequate
-
deficient
-
negligible
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Riboflavin is destroyed when exposed to ________.
Respuesta
-
light
-
heat
-
moisture
-
air
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Pellagra is a disease ________.
Respuesta
-
that results from severe niacin deficiency
-
caused by thiamin deficiency
-
caused by riboflavin deficiency
-
characterized by low levels of thyroid hormone
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
________ is critical for amino acid metabolism.
Respuesta
-
Riboflavin
-
Niacin
-
B6
-
B12
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
________ is a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes.
Respuesta
-
Thiamin
-
Niacin
-
B6
-
B12
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Flushing of the face and skin can result from excess ________ supplementation.
Respuesta
-
thiamin
-
niacin
-
B6
-
riboflavin
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
B6 is important for the metabolism of ________.
Respuesta
-
cholesterol
-
folate
-
homocysteine
-
energy
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
An essential component of coenzyme A (CoA) is ________.
Respuesta
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
iodine
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
A protein in raw egg whites can bind to ________ and prevent its absorption.
Respuesta
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
iodine
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
A neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle movement and memory storage is ________.
Respuesta
-
homocysteine
-
biotin
-
pyridoxine
-
acetylcholine
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Although widely distributed in food, inadequate intake of ________ can lead to increased fat accumulation in the liver.
Respuesta
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
pyridoxine
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
This B-vitamin is a component of carboxylase enzymes, which serve as carbon dioxide carriers.
Respuesta
-
biotin
-
choline
-
pantothenic acid
-
pyridoxine
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.
Respuesta
-
pork
-
white flour
-
vegetables
-
fats
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
To protect ________ from destruction by sunlight, milk and milk products are packaged in paper and opaque plastic cartons.
Respuesta
-
thiamin
-
riboflavin
-
niacin
-
iodine
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
A component of thyroid hormones, ________ is added to salt to combat deficiency in the United States.
Respuesta
-
thiamin
-
riboflavin
-
niacin
-
iodine
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
The UL for ________ was determined by measuring elevated blood concentration and neurotoxicity levels.
Respuesta
-
iodine
-
manganese
-
chromium
-
sulfur
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Which of the following statements about vitamin B12 is TRUE?
Respuesta
-
It is required for carbohydrate metabolism.
-
Whole grains are a good source of this nutrient.
-
It is part of an antioxidant enzyme system.
-
It is essential for the functioning of the nervous system.
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
When cells engage in catabolism, chemical energy is released.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Glycolysis yields a net of four ATP that can be used as energy for the cell.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
Liver synthesis of urea increases as dietary protein intake increases.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
The conversion of dietary carbohydrate to body fat is less efficient than the conversion of dietary fat to body fat.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
During prolonged starvation, serum levels of free fatty acids increase sharply.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Adenosine monophosphate ________.
Respuesta
-
can be regenerated by adding two phosphate groups to ATP
-
is produced when one phosphate group is released from ATP
-
has one high-energy phosphate bond
-
is composed of one molecule of adenosine bonded to one phosphate group
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
In which of the following types of chemical reactions is a compound catabolized by the addition of a molecule of water?
Respuesta
-
hydrolysis
-
dehydration synthesis
-
oxidation
-
phosphorylation
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate produced through glycolysis is converted to ________.
Respuesta
-
lactate
-
acetyl CoA
-
oxaloacetate
-
NADH
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Excessive ketones are produced when ________.
Respuesta
-
people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
-
acetyl CoA is converted to glucose
-
oxaloacetate availability falls and TCA cycle activity decreases
-
All of the above can prompt the production of excessive ketones.
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
Amino acids are unique from other energy-yielding compounds in that ________.
Respuesta
-
they cannot be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
-
they contain nitrogen, which must be removed before the remaining compound can be used for energy
-
they contain ammonia, which the kidneys convert to urea and excrete from the body in urine
-
even when consumed to excess, they will not increase the synthesis of fatty acids
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Of the approximately 160,000 kcal reserves in the body of a well-nourished 70-kg male, ________.
Respuesta
-
triglycerides account for about 50%, and glycogen and protein each about 25%
-
about 85% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 15% is from protein
-
triglycerides, glycogen, and protein each account for about 33%
-
about 75% is from triglycerides, and most of the remaining 25% is from glycogen
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Most lipogenesis ________.
Respuesta
-
occurs when individuals consume an excess of glucogenic amino acids
-
occurs when acetyl CoA is converted into glycerol, which is in turn attached to fatty acid chains
-
occurs in liver cells
-
occurs in adipose cells
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol are ________
Respuesta
-
coenzymes
-
cofactors
-
anabolic hormones
-
catabolic hormones
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
During short-term fasts, the body uses ________
Respuesta
-
muscle and liver glycogen for glucose for red blood cells, brain cells, and other body cells
-
glucogenic amino acids to synthesize glucose
-
glycerol from adipose tissue to synthesize ketone bodies
-
amino acids from the breakdown of body proteins for gluconeogenesis
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