35245365
Descripción
Test por Halima Mahmoud, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Halima Mahmoud
hace más de 2 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
2. Identify right statements concerning pain pathways
Respuesta
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a) fast pain fibers of the spinal cord liberate excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
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c) upon entering the spinal cord fast and slow pain fibers synapse with the same population of neurons
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b) most of slow pain fibers finish in reticular formation, rectal area and perpendicular grey region
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d) paleospinothalamic tract transmits impulses concerning quality, intensity and location of pain
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
3. Nociception is NOT conducted by:
Respuesta
-
a) lateral spinothalamic tract
-
b) The same pathway as the sense of vibration and line,
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c) The same pathway as the input from thermo receptors
-
d) Anterior spinothalamic tract
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
4. Tapping of patellar elicits reflex contraction of quadriceps muscle, Which of following precedes contraction of quadriceps femoris?
Respuesta
-
a) Ia afferents from quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of
-
b) Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing
-
c) alpha-motor neurons innervating extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
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d) gamma-motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle increase their rate of
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e) The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
5. Which of following are elements of reflex arc of the inverse stretch reflex?
Respuesta
-
a) Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
-
b) Gamma motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
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c) Golgi tendon organ
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d) Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending e9
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e) Alpha-motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal mus
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f) C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
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g) Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type La sensory fiber
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
6. Pyramidal pathway are essential for which of the following activities:
Respuesta
-
a) Speechandwriting
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b) Respiratory movements of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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c) Motor activities performed with hands and fingers such as taping keyboards
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d) Diadochokineasia
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e) Kinesthesia and stereoagnosia
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Match properly thalamic nucleus with its normal function:
Respuesta
-
a) Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL nucleus ) -Somatosensory afference
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b) Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - Vision
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c) Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) - Rubrospinal tract
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d) Midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei - Slow diffused pain
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
15. Identify THE FIRST + LAST stage of phototransduction of rods right after absorption of light:
Respuesta
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a) Hyperpolarization and photoreceptor - last stage
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b) Activation of transduction - fist stage
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c) Increase of the concentration of cGMP - first stage
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d) Changing of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic transform - first stage
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e) Closure of the cGMP-dependent Na+-channel - last stage
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f) Reduction of the concentration of cGMP - last stage
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
-16) Visual acuity:
Respuesta
-
a) In the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought to into clear focus by accommodation
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b) Is related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated and still perceived as two points
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c) Is determined by the perimeter
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d) Is interfered by defects of accommodation
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e) Is determined by ophthalmoscope
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
17. Identify cells which are NOT elements of the visual pathway:
Respuesta
-
a) Bipolar cells
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b) Cells of the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
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c) Cells of the medial geniculate body of the thalamus - Auditory pathway
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d) Small retinal cells
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e) Purkinje cells
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
18. Find right statement concerning audition:
Respuesta
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a) Frequency of vibration of basilar membrane differs from vibration of eardrum
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c) Outer hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound
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d) Inner hair cells of cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch
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e) Tone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane
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b) Apical part of basilar membrane resonate most in response to tone of 200Hz
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
-19. Identify right statements concerning ß-rhythm appearing on an EEG recording:
Respuesta
-
a) It is present in awake patient with eyes open
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b) It is made of low frequency high amplitude waves frequency is 8-12 Hz
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c) It forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording
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d) It is recorded during REM sleep
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e) It disappears from the EEG recording after closure of eyes
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
20. Right LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) is entered by input from
Respuesta
-
a) Temporal half of the left retina
-
b) Temporal half of the right retina
-
c) Nasal half of the left retina
-
d) Nasal half of the right retina
-
e) Both left hemiretinas (left half of both retinas)
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
21. In conductive loss of hearing (conductive deafness) of the healthy ear:
Respuesta
-
a) In Weber test, sound is heard louder by the healthy ear
-
b) Rinne test of the healthy ear is positive
-
c) Patients hearing of healthy ear is longer than examiners in Schwabach test
-
D) Air conduction of healthy ear is better bone conduction Vibration in ear
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
3. Nociception is NOT conducted by:
Respuesta
-
a) lateral spinothalamic tract
-
b) The same pathway as the sense of vibration and line,
-
c) Thesamepathwayastheinputfromthermoreceptors...
-
d) Anterior spinothalamic tract
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
11. Which is true about hearing:
Respuesta
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b) Apical part of the basilar membrane vibrates from sound of frequency 200 Hz.
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c) Middle ear amplifies the sound.
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d) Inner hair cells detect the frequency of sound.
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e) Outer hair cells discriminate the loudness of sound
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
22. Which of following statements concerning visual acuity are NOT TRUE:
Respuesta
-
a) is tested by Snellen letter chart
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b) Is normal when eyes is able to discriminate details separated by a visual angle of 5 minutes of arc (1 min of arc= 1/50 degree)
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c) it depends on defects of focusing
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d) it depends on the state of rods
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
23. Rhodopsin is:
Respuesta
-
a) Composed of transducin and photopsin
-
b) The G-protein of cones
-
c) Serpentine receptor coupled with G-protein which activates enzyme PDE
-
d) It is a ligand gated channel similar to muscarinic receptor
-
e) Metabotropic receptor located on free floating discs of the outer segment of rods
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
-25. Which of the following cells are able to generate action potential?
Respuesta
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a) Olfactory receptor cells
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b) Hair cells of the organ of Corti
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c) Ganglion cells of the retina
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d) Bipolar cells of the retina
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Cross bridge cycle - choose correct order:
a) ADP is released
b) ATP binds to myosin head
c) ATP is hydrolyzed
d) Pi is released + powerstroke
e) A cross-bridge form
Respuesta
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b, c, e, d, a
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d, e, b, c, a
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a, b, c, d, e
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c, d, e, b, a
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
2. Identify right statements concerning pain pathways:
Respuesta
-
a) fast pain fibers of the spinal cord liberate excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
-
b) most of slow pain fibers finish in reticular formation, rectal area and perpendicular grey region
-
c) uponenteringthespinalcordfastandslowpainfiberssynapsewiththesame population of neurons
-
d) paleospinothalamic tract transmits impulses concerning quality, intensity and location of pain -
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
3. Nociception is NOT conducted by:
Respuesta
-
a) lateral spinothalamic tract
-
b) same pathway as the sense of vibration and fine, precise touch
-
c)same pathway as the input from thermo receptors
-
d) anterior spinothalamic tract
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
4. Tapping of patellar tendon elicit a reflex contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Which of the following precedes the contraction of the quadriceps femoris
Respuesta
-
a) Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing
-
b) Ib afferent from the Golgi tendon organ increase their ring of firing
-
c) α-motoneurons (alpha) innervating the extrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
-
d) γ-motoneurons(gamma) innervating the intrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
-
e) α-motoneurons to the antagonistic muscles increase their rate of firing
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
5. Which of the following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?
Respuesta
-
a) Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
-
b) Gamma motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
-
c) Golgitendonorgan
-
d) Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending
-
e) Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
-
f) C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
-
g) Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type Ia sensory fiber
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
7. Gracile fasciculus pathway is composed of (mind the order of neurons):
Respuesta
-
a) Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord
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b) Dorsal root ganglion cell
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c) Neurons in nucleus gracilis
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d) Neurons in ventral (posterolateral??) nuclei of thalamus
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e) Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
8. Lesion of precentral gyrus of the left frontal lobe of the dominant
hemisphere leads to:
Respuesta
-
a) Inability to perform voluntary movements
-
b) Fluent aphasia
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c) Loss of coordination of movements
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d) Spastic tone of the contralateral skeletal muscles due to damage of the upper neuron of the pyramidal tract
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
9.Which of the following sentences describe properly fasciculus gracilis:
Respuesta
-
a) it collects sensory input from lower part of the body
-
b) it collect sensory input from upper part of the body
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c) conducts impulses from muscle spindles + Golgi tendon organs
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d) it conveys crude (light) tough and temperature sense
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e) it conveys fine (discriminative) touch and vibration sense
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f) Second-order neuron is located in medulla oblongata
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g) Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of the spinal cord
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
10. Identify statements concerning lateral corticospinal tract
Respuesta
-
a) it innervates bilaterally axial muscles (muscles proximal to the trunk)
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b) it crosses the midline in pyramidal decussation
-
c) first order neurons of the pathways synapse in nucleus rubber
-
d) it reduces the muscular tone of flexors
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
11. Describe properly the characteristics of the spinothalamic tract:
Respuesta
-
a) it is 2 neuron sensory tract that is localized in anterolateral neural pathways system
-
b) it is a 3-neuron sensory tract that is localized in dorsal columns of the spinal cord
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c) it conveys sensation modalities such as ticide and itch, temperature, light touch and pressure
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d) it passes to the contralateral CNS side on the level of the medulla oblongata
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e) it terminates finally in the somatosensory cortex
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
12. Indicate correct statements concerning Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex:
Respuesta
-
a) liberate GABA producing inhibitory effect to neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei
-
b) they project excitatory output to basket and stellate cells through GABAc receptor
-
c) They are excited by glutamate liberated by axon terminals of climbing fibers and parallel fibers
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d) they are directly activated by mossy fibers
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e) project excitatory axons converging on deep cerebellar nuclei
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
13. Which statements are right?
Respuesta
-
a) Climbing fiber input exerts a strong excitatory effect on single Purkinje cell
-
b) Basket cells project to deep cerebellar nuclei -
-
c) Mossy fibers come from all possible sources except for inferior olivar nuclei
-
d) Mossy fibers come from inferior olivary nuclei - Climbing fibers
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
14. Identify right statements concerning cerebellar function
Respuesta
-
a) Damage of the flocculonodular lobe lead to nystagmus
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b) Input from cerebro-porto-cerebellar pathways enters dentate nucleus of vestibulocerebellum
-
c) Anterior cerebello spinaltract distribute proper rate and strength of muscle cells to postural muscles
-
d) Damage of the cerebellum results with discoordination of all movements (ataxia)
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
15. Which of the following are direct effects of action of gamma motoneurons?
Respuesta
-
a) stimulate extrafusal muscle fibers to contract
-
b) help maintaining activity of Ia afferent during contraction
-
c) stimulate activity in Ib afferent fibers
-
d) detect the length of resting skeletal muscles
-
e) produce contraction of the nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
16. Find sentences describing cerebellar function:
Respuesta
-
a) projects to the motor cortex through ventral anterior (VA) and ventral posterior(VP) thalamic nuclei
-
b) influences γ- motoneurons of the spinal cord indirectly through the reticulospinal tract
-
c) indysfunctionitproducesinvoluntaryrestingmovementssuchasp<h-roling or resting tremor
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
-8. Identify elements concerning lateral corticospinal tract:
Respuesta
-
a. it innervates bilaterally axial muscles
-
b. it crosses the midline in pyramidal decussation
-
c. first order neurons of the pathway synapse on nucleus ruber
-
d. Itreducesthemusculartoneofflexors(
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
18. Identify right statements concerning the ß- rhythm appearing on an EEG recording
Respuesta
-
a) appears when a patient's eyes open
-
b) forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording
-
c) recordedduringNREMsleepofhealthyadults
-
d) represents activity that is the most specific for the frontal region of the conscious brain
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
19. Identify correct statements concerning hyperopia (farsightedness):
Respuesta
-
a) Near point of vision can be located 1 meter from the eye
-
b) it is related to increased focal length of the eyeball
-
c) it is corrected by concave lenses
-
d) Near objects are focused on retina while far objects not
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
20. Right LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) is entered by input from:
Respuesta
-
a) Temporal half of the left retina
-
b) temporal half of the right retina
-
d) Nasal half of the tight retina
-
e) Both left hemiretinas (left of both retinas)
-
c) Nasal half of the retina
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
21. In conductive loss of hearing (conductive deafness) of right ear
Respuesta
-
a) In Weber's test, sound is heard louder by the right ear
-
b) Rinne's test of the right ear is positive
-
c) Patient's hearing of the right ear is longer than the examiner's in Schwabach's test
-
d) Air conduction of the right ear is better bone conduction
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
22. Which of the following statements concerning Visual acuity are NOT true:
Respuesta
-
a) Is tested by Snellen letter chart
-
b) is normal when eye is able to discriminate details separated by a visual angle of 5 minutes of arc (1 minute of arc = 1/60 degree)
-
c) it depends on defects of focusing
-
d) depends on the state of rods
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
23. Rhodopsin is:
Respuesta
-
a) Composed of transducin and photopsin
-
b) the G-protein of cones
-
c) The serpentine receptor coupled with G-protein, which activates enzyme PDE
-
d) It is a ligand gated channel similar to muscarinic receptor
-
e) Metabotropic receptor located on free floating discs of the outer segment of rods
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