35250895
Descripción
Test por Esmeralda Espitia, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Esmeralda Espitia
hace más de 2 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
1. Which cancer originates from connective tissue?
Respuesta
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a. Osteogenic sarcoma
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b. Basal cell carcinoma
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c. Multiple myeloma
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d. Adenocarcinoma
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
2. Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin?
Respuesta
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a. Blood vessels
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b. Epithelial cells
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c. Connective tissue
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Glandular
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
3. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
Respuesta
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a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.
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b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.
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c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
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d. Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
4. Which term is used to describe a cell showing a loss of cellular differentiation?
Respuesta
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a. Dysplasia
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b. Hyperplasia
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c. Metaplasia
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d. Anaplasia
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
5. What are tumor cell markers?
Respuesta
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a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
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b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked
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c. Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells
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d. Identification marks that are used in administering radiation therapy
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
6. What is one function of the tumor cell marker?
Respuesta
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a. To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer
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b. To treat certain types of cancer
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c. To predict where cancers will develop
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d. To screen individuals at high risk for cancer
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
7. Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?
Respuesta
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a. Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells.
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b. An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required to develop cancer.
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c. Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract.
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d. Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
8. Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what?
Respuesta
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a. Stimulate angiogenesis to create their own blood supply
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b. Encourage secretions that turn off normal growth inhibitors
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c. Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
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d. Divert nutrients away from normal tissue for their own use
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
9. What is apoptosis?
Respuesta
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a. Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive
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b. Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb
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c. Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene
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d. Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
10. A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best?
Respuesta
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a. It suppresses the action of the tumor-suppressor genes.
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b. It changes the way the growth promotion genes work.
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c. A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth.
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d. It activates a cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
11. The professor explains to students that oncogenes are genes that are capable of what?
Respuesta
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a. Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
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b. Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue
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c. Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue
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d. Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
12. Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?
Respuesta
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a. Point mutation
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b. Chromosome translocation
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c. Gene amplification
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d. Chromosome fusion
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
13. In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene?
Respuesta
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a. Point mutation
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b. Chromosome fusion
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c. Gene amplification
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d. Chromosome translocation
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
14. What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?
Respuesta
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a. Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.
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b. The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.
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c. Genetic amplification causes the growth.
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d. Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
15. Why are two “hits” required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes?
Respuesta
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a. Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent.
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b. The first hit stops tissue growth, and the second hit is needed to cause abnormal tissue growth.
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c. Tumor-suppressor genes are larger than proto-oncogenes, requiring two hits to affect carcinogenesis.
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d. The first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause a mutation.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
16. How does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?
Respuesta
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a. Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome
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b. Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies
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c. Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
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d. Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
17. How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase?
Respuesta
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a. To repair the telomeres to restore somatic cell growth
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b. As an intracellular signaling chemical to stimulate cell division
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c. To switch off the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
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d. To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinitely
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
18. What are characteristics of benign tumors?
Respuesta
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a. Benign tumors invade local tissues.
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b. Benign tumors spread through the lymph nodes.
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c. Benign tumors cause systemic symptoms.
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d. Benign tumors include the suffix -oma.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
19. What is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer?
Respuesta
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a. Herpes simplex virus type 6
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b. Herpes simplex virus type 2
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c. Human papillomavirus
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d. Human immunodeficiency virus
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
20. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?
Respuesta
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a. Ovarian
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b. Uterine
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c. Cervical
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d. Vaginal
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
21. A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin- related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat?
Respuesta
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a. Infection
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b. Ultraviolet damage
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c. Pain
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d. Erythema
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
22. Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?
Respuesta
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a. Proto-oncogenes
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b. Oncogenes
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c. Tumor-suppressor genes
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d. Growth-promoting genes
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
23. What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?
Respuesta
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a. Cells undergo apoptosis.
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b. Cells escape apoptosis.
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c. Cells receive less oxygen.
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d. Cells adhere more readily.
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
24. Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
Respuesta
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a. Increased cell turnover
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b. Constipation
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c. Stomatitis
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d. Bloody stool
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
25. What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?
Respuesta
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a. To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells
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b. To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells
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c. To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis
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d. To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
26. It has been determined that a patient’s tumor is in stage 2. How does the healthcare professional describe this finding to the patient
Respuesta
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a. Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.
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b. Cancer has spread to regional structures.
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c. Cancer is locally invasive.
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d. Cancer has spread to distant sites.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
27. A cancer patient has pain at the tumor site and is worried the tumor has metastasized. What does the healthcare provider understand about this patient’s complaint?
Respuesta
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a. Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the tumor.
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b. Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer.
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c. Pain is usually the initial symptom of cancer.
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d. Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
28. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients with cancer. Which patient does the professional educate about brachytherapy?
Respuesta
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a. Lung
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b. Colon
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c. Cervical
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d. Brain
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
29. A child has been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). What does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the survival rate at 5 years for this disease
Respuesta
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a. 90%
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b. 70%
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c. 40%
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d. 20%
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
30. By what process do cancer cells multiply in the absence of external growth signals?
Respuesta
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a. Proto-oncogene
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b. Autocrine stimulation
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c. Reliance on caretaker genes
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d. Pleomorphology
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
31. What is the role of caretaker genes?
Respuesta
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a. Maintenance of genomic integrity
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b. Proliferation of cancer cells
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c. Secretion of growth factors
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d. Restoration of normal tissue structure
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
32. In a normal, nonmutant state, what is an oncogene referred to as?
Respuesta
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a. Basal cell
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b. Target cell
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c. Caretaker gene
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d. Proto-oncogene
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
33. What does the student learn about pleomorphic cells?
Respuesta
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a. Pleomorphic cells are similar in size.
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b. They have different sizes and shapes.
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c. They are a result of anaplasia.
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d. Pleomorphic cells differentiate uniformly.
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
34. What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
Respuesta
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a. Nausea
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b. Fatigue
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c. Hair loss
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d. Weight loss
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
35. What does the health professions student learn about benign tumors?
Respuesta
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a. The resulting pain is severe.
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b. Benign tumors are not encapsulated.
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c. Benign tumors are fast growing.
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d. The cells are well-differentiated.
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
1. Normally, which cells are considered immortal? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Germ
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b. Stem
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c. Blood
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d. Epithelial
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e. Muscle
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
2. What is the most common route for distant metastasis? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Seeding
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b. Blood
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c. Lymphatic vessels
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d. Invasion
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e. Proliferation
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
3. What cellular characteristics are affected by anaplasia? (Select all that apply)
Respuesta
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a. Size
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b. Ability to differentiate
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c. Life expectancy
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d. Tissue structure
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e. Shape
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
4. What are the most common causes of nosocomial infections among patients with cancer? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Indwelling medical devices
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b. Suppressed immune system
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c. Visitor-introduced microorganisms
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d. Poor appetite
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e. Inadequate wound care
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
5. Which statements concerning aging and the occurrence of cancer are true? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Decline in immunologic functions
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b. Predisposition to nutritional inadequacies
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c. Unwillingness to access healthcare services
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d. Reluctance to engage in cancer screenings
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e. Effects of immobility on the immune system
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
6. Which cancers are associated with chronic inflammation? (Select all that apply.)
Respuesta
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a. Brain
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b. Colon
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Bone
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d. Thyroid gland
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e. Urinary bladder
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
7. A healthcare professional is assessing a patient who has cancer and a hemoglobin of 8.8 mg/dL. What factors should the professional assess the patient for?
Respuesta
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a. Chronic bleeding
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b. Malabsorption of iron
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c. Malnutrition
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d. Recent blood transfusion
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e. Current infection
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