3791793
Descripción
Test por Amy Labossiere, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Amy Labossiere
hace más de 9 años
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
[blank_start]Locke[blank_end] argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.
Respuesta
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Locke
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
[blank_start]Descartes[blank_end] argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.
Respuesta
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Descartes
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
[blank_start]Declarative[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]offline/cold cognition[blank_end], which is knowing THAT something is the case.
Respuesta
-
Declarative
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offline/cold cognition
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
[blank_start]Procedural[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]online/hot cognition[blank_end], which is knowing HOW to do something.
Respuesta
-
Procedural
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online/hot cognition
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
[blank_start]Priori[blank_end] knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.
Respuesta
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Priori
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
____________ is to rationalism as ______________ is to empiricism
Respuesta
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Locke; Descartes
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Descartes; Locke
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
[blank_start]Rationalists[blank_end] are from the general to the specific
Respuesta
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Rationalists
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
[blank_start]Empiricists[blank_end] are from the specific to the general
Respuesta
-
Empiricists
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Darwin had a [blank_start]materialistic[blank_end] view of the mind
Respuesta
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materialistic
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
[blank_start]Monophyletic origin[blank_end] can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor
Respuesta
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Monophyletic origin
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Nature is to __________, and nurture is to _____________.
Respuesta
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Declarative Knowledge/Hot & Procedural Knowledge/Cold
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Declarative Knowledge/Cold & Procedural Knowledge/Hot
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Procedural Knowledge/Hot & Declarative/Cold
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Procedural Knowledge/Cold & Declarative Knowledge/Hot
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Evolution can be defined as [blank_start]descent with modification[blank_end]
Respuesta
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descent with modification
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements: [blank_start]variation, competition, and inheritence[blank_end]
Respuesta
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variation, competition, and inheritence
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
[blank_start]Stablising selection[blank_end] is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under [blank_start]driving or disruptive selection.[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
Stablising selection
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driving or disruptive selection.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of [blank_start]microevolution[blank_end] rather than [blank_start]speciation[blank_end].
Respuesta
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microevolution
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speciation
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
[blank_start]Mutations[blank_end] are the wellspring of evolutionary change.
Respuesta
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Mutations
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Natural selection can only operate on [blank_start]what exists[blank_end].
Respuesta
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what exists
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Natural selection modifying existing attributes to do different things
Respuesta
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Adaptive radiation
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Divergent evolution
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Fitness
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Gene pool
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
[blank_start]Analogy[blank_end] is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.
Respuesta
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Analogy
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
[blank_start]Homology[blank_end] is a set of structures that are shared by a common ancestor (such as the flipper or a walrus and the wing of a bat).
Respuesta
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Homology
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Why can no adaptation ever be perfect?
Respuesta
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Environmental conditions are not fixed and change over time
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Mutations are the wellspring of evolution
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Natural selection can only act on what exists
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All of the above
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Environmental conditions are not fixed & natural selection can only act on what exists
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
[blank_start]Macroevolution or speciation[blank_end], is the emergence of a new species
Respuesta
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Macroevolution or speciation
Pregunta 23
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[blank_start]Allopatric speciation[blank_end] is speciation that follows from a population of animals being separated spatially.
Respuesta
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Allopatric speciation
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
As was the case with Darwin's finches, appearance is helpful in identifying species, but it does not define the species: the adherence to this definition is [blank_start]biological species concept[blank_end]
Respuesta
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biological species concept
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
[blank_start]Hybridization[blank_end] is when the population may re-join without speciation taking place and the 2 gene pools effectively merge
Respuesta
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Hybridization
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Allopatric speciation
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Divergent evolution
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Homoplasy
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
To understand the historical or evolutionary context in which specific characteristics arise or disappear, we need to be able to identify the taxa using a [blank_start]phylogeny[blank_end]
Respuesta
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phylogeny
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Skeletal material and behaviour are both [blank_start]phenotypes[blank_end]
Respuesta
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phenotypes
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
A trait that is shared by 2 or more species, but is not present in the common ancestor because it has evolved more recently. This provides a more accurate picture of relatedness, called [blank_start]synapmorphies[blank_end]
Respuesta
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synapmorphies
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apomorphies
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homoplasy
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homology
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analogy
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
[blank_start]Convergent evolution[blank_end] or [blank_start]homoplasy[blank_end] is when a trait can carry or disappear within a clade independently of a common ancestor.
Respuesta
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Convergent evolution
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homoplasy
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
A [blank_start]haplotype[blank_end] is a set of adjacent alleles or DNA sequences that is inherited together
Respuesta
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haplotype
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Looking at the graph of oil-droplet evolution in vervetes,
Label 1. Which TWO species evolved independently from one another since the time of separation from the common ancestor
and 2. Which vision was the common ancestor for the bottom group?
and 3.What principle is graph illustrating?
Respuesta
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Frogs and monotremes
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pigmented
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Homoplasy
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
The problem with [blank_start]gene-based phylogenies[blank_end] is that we cannot extract useable genetic material from fossils, and gene clocks may not be properly calibrated. Thus, we must combine phenotypic phylogenies and genotypic phylogenies.
Respuesta
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gene-based phylogenies
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Darwin promoted the [blank_start]comparative method[blank_end] when he pointed to baboons as a source of information
Respuesta
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comparative method
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they (chimpanzees) are related to gorillas.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
The good thing about gene-based phylogenies is that the number of mutations that have occurred within and across clades can also serve as a molecular clock for dating.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
[blank_start]Gene/Molecular Clocks[blank_end] operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate.
Respuesta
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Gene/Molecular Clocks
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
For a gene/molecular clock to be calibrated, a [blank_start]fossil record[blank_end] is conducted
Respuesta
-
fossil record
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
The hominoidea group does not include apes and is solely consisting of all homosapians (living and extinct)
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Hominoids are characterized by 3 distinct modes of locomotion.... which ones?
Respuesta
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Bipedalism
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Knuckle walking
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Brachiation
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Swimming
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Sitting
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Swinging
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Humans are alone among the living primates in habitually walking bipedally. It is a feature only of the hominid lineage.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Bipedalism evolved from a [blank_start]knuckle walking[blank_end] ancestor
Respuesta
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knuckle walking
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brachiating
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swimming
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quadrapedal
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
The good thing about gene-based phylogenies:
Respuesta
-
Operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate, reflecting amount of time has passed since they split off from a common ancestor. Calibrated using a fossil record [how they found dogs were wolves]
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They are unbiased and scientifically accurate.
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Helps identify possible selection pressures.
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Allows us to infer WHEN attributes first emerged as well as it's functional significance.
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They tell us not only WHEN something happened, but also WHERE it did.
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
[blank_start]Founder effects[blank_end] can be defined as the loss of genetic variability, through chance alone, that occurs when a small subset of a larger population is reproductively isolated and thus shifts the gene pool accordingly
Respuesta
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Founder effects
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Allopatric speciation
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Synapomorphy
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Anapomorphy
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
[blank_start]Homoplast[blank_end] is a major problem in the construction of phylogenies. But, if we can identify it as such, it can be valuable in the comparative method.
Respuesta
-
Homoplasy
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
[blank_start]Phylogenetic intertia[blank_end] is an expression of the same trait by different members of a clade only because it has been carried and hasn't come under selection pressure (if it ain't broke - don't fix it!)
Respuesta
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Phylogenetic intertia
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Even though we have equal numbers of living arboreal and terrestrial species, there is no evidence that the group size of each is a consequence of its ecological niche [analyze by interdependent contrasts]
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
[blank_start]Language[blank_end] is a good example of descent with modification in hominin communities.
Respuesta
-
Language
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
[blank_start]Platyrrhini[blank_end] primates are broad nosed. Their nostrils are far apart and generally open to the side. These are the New World Monkeys [confined to Central and South America] and are typically diurnal.
Respuesta
-
Platyrrhini
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Strepsirihini
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Haporhini
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Catarrhini
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
[blank_start]Catarrhini[blank_end] primates are narrow nosed that are flat and downwards. This includes humans and the old world monkeys/apes [Africa/Asia]
Respuesta
-
Catarrhini
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Platyrrihini
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Haplorhini
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Strepsirhini
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
[blank_start]Strepsirhini[blank_end] primates have a bent, inwardly turned nose, and typically wet dog-like noses and are mostly nocturnal.
Respuesta
-
Strepsirhini
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Haplorhini
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Platyrrihni
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Catarrhini
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
[blank_start]Haplorhini[blank_end] primates have simple noses are have 2 subtypes within this group.
Respuesta
-
Haplorhini
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Strepsirhini
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Platyrrihni
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Catarrhini
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
We humans, and other apes of the Platyrrihini, are apart of the Hominoidea group.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Hominoidea [we + apes of the catarrhine] belong to this group. Phylogenetically, the apes are characterized by the absence of a tail and are generally divided into 2 groups:
Respuesta
-
Hylobatidae [lesser apes]
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Hominidae [great apes]
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Hylobatidae [great apes]
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Hominidae [lesser apes]
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
The few living apes that were around during the miocene area occupied a variety of ecological niches and probably displayed physical and behavioural diversity that we now associate with the Old World Monkeys that replaced them [baboons, vervet monkeys]
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Not all living apes are ripe fruit eaters.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
The era in which mammals first appeared, or the 'age of the reptiles'.
Respuesta
-
Misocene era
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Mesozoic era
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Cretacious period
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
Which 3 clades made it through the cretacious period when dinosaurs died?
Respuesta
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Platypus
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Marsupials
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Placental mammals
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Monkeys
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
There was a lineage splitting and this diversification is linked to the occupation of different and recently vacated ecological niches. It's likely that the diversification was underpinned by 3 apomorphic adaptations...
Respuesta
-
Sensitive hearing made possible by the evolutionary emergence of the detached middle ear from the mandible
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The evolution of tribosphenic molars
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The emergence of the capacity to regulate body temperature using metabolic heat or shivering
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The evolution of bipedalism to maximize transportation efficiency through running
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The evolution of speech
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
As a general rule, the most important thing to be able to do while up a tree is to avoid predation.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
What 3 adaptations made the ability to move from one food source to another possible?
Respuesta
-
The evolution of primate grasp: the power grip, and the precision grip
-
The evolution of binocular vision to aid stereopsis
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The emergence of only having 1 offspring at a time as opposed to a litter
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The emergence of language
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Speed increased by past experience with predators
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Which 3 things were sacrificed for the adaptations to live in the trees?
Respuesta
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Teeth
-
Claws
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Panoramic vision
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Sociality
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Quadrapedalism
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Problem solving
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Binocular vision
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Digit
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
[blank_start]Robust[blank_end] australopiths chewed their way out of trouble. Their teeth are large, grinding molars that allowed them to process hard foods. [blank_start]Gracile[blank_end] australopiths had teeth that were less committed to a particular ecological view.
Respuesta
-
Robust
-
Gracile
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
The first identified member of our species was either [blank_start]homo habilis[blank_end] or [blank_start]homo ergaster[blank_end]
Respuesta
-
homo habilis
-
homo ergaster
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
[blank_start]Homo erectus[blank_end] was the first hominin to leave Africa
Respuesta
-
Homo erectus
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
[blank_start]Homo florensiensis[blank_end] was a hominin with small stature and small brain size
Respuesta
-
Homo florensiensis
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
The emergence of the hominids is associated with:
Respuesta
-
living in the trees
-
competition with apes living alongside humans
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the cooling down and drying out of Africa
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predation driving hominids to expand across the world
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
The problems posed by savanna woodlands are of 2 kinds
Respuesta
-
Those associated with getting enough food and water
-
Those associated with increased risk of predation
-
Those associated with staying cool
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Those associated with needing to communicate
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Primates have a specialized cooling system to cool their brains.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
Our inheritance of small incisors means that we were not dentally pre-adapted to meat eating.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
Lucy, an [blank_start]australopithecus afarensis[blank_end], was readily bipedal. Unlike chimps and more like us, her arms are shortened relative to her legs and her spine is curved and her tarsal bones are less manoeuvrable.
Respuesta
-
australopithecus afarensis
-
homo erectus
-
homo habilis
-
homo ergaster
-
neanderthal
-
homo florensiensis
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
We see in hominids a reduction in size of incisors and canine teeth and a substantial increase in the size of the molars. We also find an increase in the robustness of the lower jaw.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
Skeletal fossils allow us to infer not only the overall size of an extinct animal but also how it moved.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
Living in a more open country places a premium on the need for [blank_start]locomotion to be energetically efficient[blank_end].
Respuesta
-
locomotion to be energetically efficient
-
self-defence against predation
-
trees to sprout up to live in
-
stereopsis vision for finding food
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
Running is more energetically demanding than running.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
The smaller you are, it makes no difference in efficiency for walking vs running. If you are bigger, running has more energy costs.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Chimp walking is very inefficient compared to the cost expected for a quadrupedal mammal of the same weight. Chimpanzees are more efficient when they run.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Modern humans have an extraordinary capacity for long-distance running. Humans have a suite of adaptation that make the costs of endurance running tolerable....
Respuesta
-
Adaptations that minimize energy demand [balanced head, swivelling neck, long achilles tendons that soak up energy for free, large gluteus maximus for balance]
-
Humans have become taller and leaner [reduces the surface area exposed to direct sunlight and allows us to benefit from laminar air flow & alters body volume/surface ratio to ease heat loss]
-
Stereopsis vision [color vision, binocular vision, precision]
-
Bipedalism
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
The [blank_start]obstetric dilemma[blank_end] is the collision of competing locomotory and reproductive selection pressures.
Respuesta
-
obstetric dilemma
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Primate fetuses grow faster than those of average mammals.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Human gestation is evolutionarily conserved.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
If it weren't for our [blank_start]large heads[blank_end], we would all arrive in the world without any real complications.
Respuesta
-
large heads
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
In order to deal with the problems of large heads in humans, (2 things):
Respuesta
-
We are born earlier than we should be
-
Natural selection has produced very elastic neonatal skulls that can deform in response to the pressures imposed by a rigid pelvis
-
We have adapted to sweat in order to 'cool our brains'
-
Natural selection has provided us with language
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