38610896
Descripción
Test por Lauren Holland, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Lauren Holland
hace más de 1 año
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephron via which process?
Respuesta
-
Synthesis of glucose channels
-
Increasing the flow of filtrate
-
Upregulation of epithelial sodium channels
-
Excretion of water
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Which of the following produce antibodies
Respuesta
-
Erythrocytes
-
T lymphocytes
-
B lymphocytes
-
Thrombocytes
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
which of the following provides the correct definition of cor pulmonale
Respuesta
-
abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a result of diesease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels
-
abnormal enlaregemnt of the left side of the heart as a resukt of disease of the lungs or the pulmonary blood vessels
-
abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heart as a resukt of an increase in systemic afterload
-
abnormal enlargement of the left side of the heart as a result of an increase in right sided afterload
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
During myocyte depolarisation this outside of the cell become:
Respuesta
-
positive
-
negative
-
stays the same
-
become hyperpolerized
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What is the source of energy used to power the sodium-potassium pump?
Respuesta
-
breakdown of ATP
-
formation of ATP
-
transport of ATP by the pump
-
breakdown of GTP
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
which of the following is true?
Respuesta
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction increases
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction stays the same
-
In systolic heart failure the heart’s ejection fraction decreases
-
In diastolic heart failure the ejection fraction increases
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
During myocardial diastole the sodium / potassium pump:
Respuesta
-
Pumps out 3 sodium ion and pump in 2 potassium ions
-
Pumps out 6 sodium ions and pumps in 4 potassium ions
-
Pumps in 3 sodium ions and pumps out 2 potassium ions
-
Pumps in 6 sodium ions and pumps out 4 potassium ions
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
Which of the following types of emphysema is most commonly associated with smoking and chronic bronchitis
Respuesta
-
Paraseptal
-
Panacinar
-
Centriacinar
-
Irregular
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Haemoglobin
Respuesta
-
is composed of four identical subunits
-
has iron at the centre of haem groups which must be in the ferrous form to bind O2
-
binding of oxygen is reduced in the presence of high Pco2 because CO2 and O2 compete for the same binding sites on haemoglobin
-
variants (such as fetal haemoglobin) often differ from normal adult haemoglobin in the precise structure of the haem group.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
Respuesta
-
Acetylcholine
-
Norepinephrine
-
Vasopressin
-
Enoximone
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
The alveolar pores that enable collateral ventilation are called:
Respuesta
-
Pores of Oddi
-
Pores of Kohn
-
Pores of Dalton
-
Pores of Boyles
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Peripheral chemoreceptors are highly responsive to:
Respuesta
-
Dysponea
-
Coughing
-
Hypoxemia
-
Breath holding
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Aspirin is given in the treatment of myocardial infarction in order to prevent platelet aggregation. Which of the following effects means it is useful in this situation?
Respuesta
-
Inhibition of actin myosin filaments in platelets
-
Inhibition of thromboxane A2
-
Inhibition of collagen
-
Inhibition of calcium
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
During myocyte (heart cell) depolarisation, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily:
Respuesta
-
positive
-
negative
-
electrically neutral
-
unchanged
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
The Law stating that the more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (end-diastolic volume), the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction (stroke volume) is the:
Respuesta
-
Frank-Starling’s Law
-
Cushing’s Law
-
Virchow’s triad Law
-
Best-Banting Law
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
The anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates results in the production of:
Respuesta
-
Citric acids
-
keto acids
-
lactic acid
-
hydrochloric acid
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
Flattened T waves on an ECG can signify:
Respuesta
-
1st Degree heart block
-
Hyperkaleamia
-
Hypokaleamia
-
Atrial fibrillation
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The diuretic Spironolactone interferes with the action of which endogenous hormone?
Respuesta
-
Vasopressin
-
Renin
-
Aldosterone
-
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
During acidosis the pH scale moves
Respuesta
-
up
-
down
-
stays the same
-
moves to one
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
A disease caused by the demyelination of the oligodendrocytes
Respuesta
-
Myasthenia gravis
-
Multiple sclerosis
-
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
-
Parkinson’s disease
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
Intra-plural pressure is:
Respuesta
-
positive
-
negative
-
the same as atmospheric pressure
-
higher than atmospheric pressure
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Concerning fats, when triglyceride molecules contain only single carbon bonds (c-c-c) these are referred to as:
Respuesta
-
Poly unsaturated fats
-
saturated fats
-
Hyper-carbonated fats
-
Mono unsaturated
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
With a nasal cannula in-situ @ 2L O2 what % increase in FiO2 will there be
Respuesta
-
21 %
-
50%
-
100%
-
31%
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Which of the following is a restrictive lung disease:
Respuesta
-
Asthma
-
Pneumoconiosis
-
Emphysema
-
Chronic bronchitis
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Heart failure results in which of the following type of hypoxia
Respuesta
-
Anaemic hypoxia
-
Histo-toxic
-
Hypoxic
-
Stagnant
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Type II pneumocytes in the lung are the major source of
Respuesta
-
IgG
-
cytokines
-
oxygen
-
surfactant proteins (SP)
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
A reduction in lung compliance would lead to a
Respuesta
-
Obstructive lung disease
-
Type II respiratory failure
-
Restrictive lung disease
-
Hypercapnic lung disease
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Which lung volume would (usually) be reduced in restrictive lung disease
Respuesta
-
Inspiratory reserve volume
-
Function residual capacity
-
Residual volume reserve
-
Expiratory reserve volume
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
If the fraction of an inspired gas was .35 what would its partial pressure be at 1ATM
Respuesta
-
210mmHg
-
160mmHg
-
350mmHg
-
266mmHg
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
E = P + pgh + ½ PV2 which, if we remove gravity, reads as E = P + ½ PV2. Or, more simply, the faster the flow, the lower the pressure is which theorem
Respuesta
-
Venturi’s
-
Dalton’s
-
Bernoulli’s
-
Charles’s
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Hypocalcaemia caused by hyperventilation results in which of the following signs
Respuesta
-
Dahl’s sign
-
Palmar erythema
-
Trousseau sign
-
Schamroth's sign
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Replacing inspired air with a gas mixture that contains 60% oxygen
Respuesta
-
causes a large increase in oxygen content with little increase in oxygen saturation in a healthy person at high altitude
-
causes a large increase in arterial PaO2 and a small increase in oxygen content in a healthy person at sea level
-
would greatly enhance the exercise tolerance of a patient COPD
-
would greatly reduce the oxygen delivery problems of a patient in circulatory shock
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by
Respuesta
-
Adrenal glands
-
Kidneys
-
Pineal gland
-
Hypothalamus
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Macula densa cells help regulate blood pressure by detecting changes to
Respuesta
-
Sodium
-
Potassium
-
oxygen
-
calcium
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle?
Respuesta
-
Connecting tubule
-
Proximal convoluted tubule
-
Collecting duct
-
Distal convoluted tubule
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
The gene responsible for causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy is found on
Respuesta
-
Y chromosome
-
X chromosome
-
Autosomal chromosome number 8
-
Autosomal chromosome number 5
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
Respuesta
-
Adrenaline
-
Acetylcholine
-
Dopamine
-
Serotonin
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Which of the following heart layers secretes pericardial fluid?
Respuesta
-
Myocardium
-
Endocardium
-
Serous pericardium
-
Fibbrous pericardium
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
The Haldane effect states that
Respuesta
-
for any given Pco2 less CO2 is carried by oxygenated blood
-
an increase in Pco2 shifts the O2 dissociation curve to the left
-
an increase in Pco2 reduces the amount of haemoglobin in the red cell.
-
for any given Pco2 more CO2 is carried by oxygenated blood
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Ventilation is NOT increased by
Respuesta
-
decreased Po2 at the central chemoreceptor
-
increased Paco2
-
decreased CSF pH
-
decreased arterial pH
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
The amount of a gas dissolved in a solution as a result of partial pressure is which of the following gas laws
Respuesta
-
dalton
-
henrys
-
charles
-
boyles
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
How is the ejection fraction worked-out
Respuesta
-
SV/EDV x 100
-
EDVEDV/SV x 100
-
RVEDV x EDV x 100
-
EDV/100 x 60
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
The layer of blood close to the walls of lung capillaries is known as the
Respuesta
-
RBC layer
-
Tissue barrier layer
-
Alveolar fluid layer
-
plasma layer
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
A pulmonary embolism would result in
Respuesta
-
Intrapulmonary shunting
-
decrease in dead space
-
increase in dead space
-
increase in lung surface area
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
The rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight - is a definition of which of the following gas laws
Respuesta
-
ficks law
-
daltons law
-
grahams law
-
chales law
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the:
Respuesta
-
lungs
-
nephron
-
pancreas
-
bowman's capsule
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of a capillary is usually (approximately)
Respuesta
-
25mmHg (3.3kPa)
-
32mmHhg (4.2kPa)
-
80mmHg (10.6kPa)
-
12mmhg (1.6Pa)
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
A symptom seen in the patient with Keto-acidosis
Respuesta
-
Bradycardia
-
Keto-alkalosis
-
kussmaul respiration
-
Bradyapnoea
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
During DKA sodium bicarbonate levels are:
Respuesta
-
raised
-
lowered
-
absent
-
normal
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
Which of the following will increase the stroke volume:
Respuesta
-
Decreased venous return
-
Increased afterload
-
Decreased preload
-
Increased venous return
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following
Respuesta
-
Blood pressure
-
Blood temperature
-
Blood acid base balance
-
Blood solute concentrations
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
Angiotensin II exerts its action by binding to various receptors throughout the body. In response to angiotensin II, the adrenal cortex is stimulated to release
Respuesta
-
Adrenaline
-
Angiotensin I
-
Angiotensin ll
-
Aldosterone
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Most of the glucose that is filtered through the glomerulus undergoes reabsorption in the
Respuesta
-
Proximal convoluted tubule
-
Distal tubule
-
Descending loop of Henle
-
Assessing limb loop of Henle
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Which is not a function of angiotensin ll
Respuesta
-
Vasoconstriction
-
Inhibition of ADH
-
Reabsorption of sodium
-
Stimulation of aldosterone secretion
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
Which is not a sign of renal cell carcinoma
Respuesta
-
Flank pain
-
Flank mass
-
Heamaturia
-
Cullen's sign
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of water in the nephron via which process
Respuesta
-
Synthesis of glucose channels
-
Increasing the flow of filtrate
-
Excretion of water
-
Upregulation of epithelial sodium channels
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
The majority of carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported
Respuesta
-
As hydrogen and bicarb ions
-
Bound to haemoglobin
-
As an alkaline
-
Bound to intercellular albumin
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is
Respuesta
-
An inherited disorder characterized by the formation of tumours
-
An autoimmune disease
-
An infectious disease
-
A condition only seen within the renal architecture
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
4)The first stage of the RAAS is the release of angiotensinogen, which is produced (primarily)
Respuesta
-
Carotid arch
-
Brain
-
Lungs
-
Liver
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
Insufficiency of ADH is a condition called
Respuesta
-
Addison's disease
-
Renal disease
-
Cushing's disease
-
Diabetes insipidus
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted by
Respuesta
-
Kidneys
-
Adrenal glands
-
Hypothalamus
-
Pineal gland
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
In the adult the majority
Respuesta
-
Basophils
-
Eosinophils
-
Lymphocytes
-
Neutrophils
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Macula densa cells are chemoreceptors found in the
Respuesta
-
Distal tubule
-
Proximal tubule
-
Descending loop of Henle
-
Ascending loop of Henle
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing is
Respuesta
-
Vital capacity
-
Tidal volume
-
Residual vohimo
-
Inspiratory reserve volume
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide favours oxygen dissociation from
oxyHb. The effect is known as
Respuesta
-
The Nernst effect
-
The Bohr effect
-
Henderson effect
-
Dalton effect
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
The Hering-Breuer reflex
Respuesta
-
Inhibits expiration
-
prolongs inspiration time
-
Shortens inspiration time
-
Is initiated by expiration
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
Which definition best suits the term 'inflammation' in relation to asthma
Respuesta
-
Inflammation is caused by infectious agents in asthma, and is mediated by antiproteases
-
Inflammation is associated with airway remodelling in asthma. Inflammation is triggered by a stimulus, and causes epithelial injury, among other things
-
Mast cells can help to reduce inflammation by releasing histamine and preventing further lung damage
-
Inflammation is caused by airway remodelling in asthma.
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
Interstitial fluid enters capillaries at the venular end through the action of
Respuesta
-
Negative pressure
-
Colloid osmotic pressure
-
Active transport
-
Capillary co-transport
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
What are the classic signs of a cardiac tamponade
Respuesta
-
Tachycardia, dyspnoea, fever
-
Bradycardia, arm weakness, diaphoresis
-
Hypertension, palpitations, chest pain
-
Hypotension, increased jugular venous distention, muffled heart sounds
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
The term 'ectopic pacemaker' (or ectopic focus)
Respuesta
-
An ectopic arrythmia due to hyponatraemia
-
Any cardiac dysrhythmia
-
A shift of the pacemaker function of the SA node to another part of the heart
-
An arrythmia due to hyper
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
In cor pulmonale the
Respuesta
-
the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases
-
the mean arterial pressure decreases
-
the mean pulmo
-
the mean pulmonary arterial pressure is 10mmhg
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
a person who smoked 20 cigarettes a day for 30 years has a pack years of
Respuesta
-
20
-
30
-
40
-
25
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
which of the following types of emphysema is most commonly asscoiated with smoking and chronic bronchitis
Respuesta
-
paraseptal
-
panacinar
-
centaicinar
-
irregular
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
a patients blood gas analysis shows that both their Paco2 and bicarbnate concentration are increased above normal by 25% what does this mean ?
Respuesta
-
They are excercising and so producing more CO2
-
The arterial Ph is unchanged
-
They are likely to have renal damage
-
They are likely to be polycythaemic
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
Which of the following is not normally associated with chironic bronchitis
Respuesta
-
CO2 retention
-
less than 15% increase in FeV1 following treatment with a bronchodilator or steroids
-
Polycythemia
-
Increased total lung capacity
Pregunta 76
Pregunta
Urine is formed in a three step process, which of the follwoing gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron
Respuesta
-
Tubular secretion, tubular re-absorption, glomerular filtration
-
Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration
-
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
-
glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption
Pregunta 77
Pregunta
Which of the following is least likely to be present in the gfiltrate, (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enters the loop of henle) of a healthy adult nnephron
Respuesta
-
Amino acids
-
Glucose
-
electrolytes
-
Large molecular weight proteins
Pregunta 78
Pregunta
Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone
Respuesta
-
Stimulates the secretion of K+ into the tubular lumen
-
Stimulates Na+ and water reabsorption
-
Upregulates epithelial sodium channels
-
Causes vasodilation
Pregunta 79
Pregunta
Which of the following produces surfactant
Respuesta
-
Type 1 pneumocytes
-
Type 2 pneumocytes
-
Oligodendrocytes
-
Schwann cells
Pregunta 80
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT a restrictive lung disease
Respuesta
-
pneumoconiosis
-
Silcosis
-
Tuberculosis
-
Asthma
Pregunta 81
Pregunta
The enzyme that assists rapid inter conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid is
Respuesta
-
Amylase
-
Lipase
-
Trypsin
-
Carbonic anhydrase
Pregunta 82
Pregunta
The (normal) intra-venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Respuesta
-
40 mmHg
-
55mmHg
-
46mmHg
-
35mmHg
Pregunta 83
Pregunta
Which of the following is NOT found in the service side of type 1 pneumocytes
Respuesta
-
nerve endings
-
macrophages
-
Collagen
-
Surfactant
Pregunta 84
Pregunta
Within the cerebral spinal space and the CSF what regulates ventilation
Respuesta
-
carbon dioxide
-
carbonic anhydrase
-
Hydrogen ions
-
carbonic acid
Pregunta 85
Pregunta
Carbon dioxide is how many times more soluble than oxygen
Respuesta
-
10 times
-
20 times
-
100 times
-
40 times
Pregunta 86
Pregunta
With a nasal cannula, we assume that the fraction of O2 that is inspired (above the normal atmospheric level) increases by how much for every additional litre of oxygen flow administered
Respuesta
-
10 percentage points
-
100 percentage points
-
4 percentage points
-
21 percentage points
Pregunta 87
Pregunta
Which of the following does NOT contribute to maintaining osmotic pressure
Respuesta
-
Sodium
-
Glucose
-
Albumin
-
Calcium
Pregunta 88
Pregunta
A respiratory acidosis moves the O2 curve and the PH respectfully
Respuesta
-
Right/down
-
Left/up
-
Right/up
-
left/down
Pregunta 89
Pregunta
the protein whose production gets affected in Duchenne muscukar dystrophy is
Respuesta
-
actin
-
myotropin
-
dystropin
-
leucovorin
Pregunta 90
Pregunta
Duchenne muscular dystrophy can be cured with
Respuesta
-
allopurinol
-
creatinine phosphokinase inhibitors
-
corticosteroids
-
none of these
Pregunta 91
Pregunta
The involvement of this muscle affects the breathing in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Respuesta
-
triceps
-
biceps
-
diaphragm
-
quadriceps
Pregunta 92
Pregunta
Which of the following represents one of the most recent developments in the treatment of MD
Respuesta
-
replacing muscles
-
create customised diets for them to be healthier and stronger
-
attempting to correct defective genes so it creates the right proteins
-
none of these
Pregunta 93
Pregunta
SLUDGE syndrome stands for which of the following
Respuesta
-
Salvation, lacrimation, urination, defacation, gastrointestinal symptoms and emesis
-
sodium retention, lactic acidosis, urine retention, deafness, gastrointestinal bleeding and episodes of dizzines
-
Scoliosis, limited movement, urinary failure, decay, gastrointestinal ulceration, and epilepsy
-
sepsis, lymphedema, ulceration, diabetes, genital warts and Ecoli infection
Pregunta 94
Pregunta
Which portion of the heart is the base and which sis the apex
Respuesta
-
Two thirds apex and one third base
-
one third base, two thirds apex
-
one half base, one half apex
-
three quaters base and one quater apex
Pregunta 95
Pregunta
Which of the following factors increase cardiac output
Respuesta
-
Increased sympathetic activity
-
Increased end diastolic volume
-
increased venous return
-
all of the above
Pregunta 96
Pregunta
Where is the stethoscope (best) placed to auscultate the mitral valve
Respuesta
-
5th intercostal space at sternum
-
5th intercostal space inferior to left nipple
-
2nd intercostal space left of sternum
-
2nd intercostal space right of sternum
Pregunta 97
Pregunta
On the ECG the short flat segment between the S and T waves represents the refractory state of the
Respuesta
-
Atrial myocardium
-
AV node
-
SA node
-
Ventricular myocardium
Pregunta 98
Pregunta
Considering cardiac tamponade - the heart is covered by
Respuesta
-
pericardium
-
endocardium
-
epicardium
-
supracradium
Pregunta 99
Pregunta
Which of the following is isotonic
Respuesta
-
0.9% saline
-
water
-
5% dextrose
-
Lucozade
Pregunta 100
Pregunta
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the
Respuesta
-
muscles
-
adipose tissue
-
central nervous system
-
intestines
Pregunta 101
Pregunta
Which of the following would be the best initial management of an acute cardiac tamponade
Respuesta
-
Intravenous fluids
-
Percardiocentesis
-
Intravenous beta blockers
-
coronary angioplasty
Pregunta 102
Pregunta
which of the following is not a structure of the respiratory system
Respuesta
-
pharynx
-
larynx
-
bronchus
-
hyoid
Pregunta 103
Pregunta
the roof of the nasal cavity is formed primarily by the
Respuesta
-
cribriform plate
-
hard palate
-
superior concha
-
sphenoid
Pregunta 104
Pregunta
in the blood most of the carbon doixide is transported as
Respuesta
-
carboxyhaemoglobin
-
dissolved carbon dioxide
-
as free hydrogen
-
as bicarbonate
Pregunta 105
Pregunta
peripheral chemoreceptors are located in
Respuesta
-
lung tissue
-
pons and medulla
-
aortic & carotid bodies
-
renal arch
Pregunta 106
Pregunta
Factors determining the extent to which oxygen will combine with haemoglobin include
Respuesta
-
partial pressure oxygen
-
blood temperature
-
blood PH
-
all of the above
Pregunta 107
Pregunta
expectorate in uncomplicated asthma has a high level of
Respuesta
-
neutrophils
-
eosinophils
-
red blood cells
-
IgD
Pregunta 108
Pregunta
Which of the following is not a classic clinical characteristic of asthma
Respuesta
-
dyspnoea
-
wheeze
-
cough
-
Increased FEV1
Pregunta 109
Pregunta
In the adult the majority of leukocytes are
Respuesta
-
basophils
-
eosinophils
-
lymphocytes
-
neutrophils
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