3930349
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
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metabolism or intermediary metabolism
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metabolism or secondary metabolism
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metabolism or globulary metabolism
Pregunta 2
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Basic principles govern energy manipulations in all cells
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Molecules are degraded or synthesized stepwise in a series of reactions termed metabolic pathways.
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ATP is the energy currency of life.
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ATP can be formed by the reduction of carbon fuels.
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Although many reactions occur inside a cell, there are a limited number of reaction types involving particular intermediates that are common to all metabolic pathways.
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Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
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Energy is required to power muscle contraction and cell movement, active transport, and biosynthesis.
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Metabolism consists of energy yielding and energy requiring reaction
Pregunta 3
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Phototrops obtain energy by
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capturing sunlight
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the oxidation of carbon fuels
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the reduction of carbon fuels
Pregunta 4
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Chemotrophs obtain energy through
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capturing sunlight
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oxidation of carbon fuels
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reduction of carbon fuels
Pregunta 5
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Metabolic pathways can be divided into 3 types
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- True
- False
Pregunta 6
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Catabolic pathways
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combust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP
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use ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.
Pregunta 7
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Anabolic pathways use
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ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.
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carbon fuels to synthesize ATP
Pregunta 8
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Some pathways, called [blank_start]amphibolic[blank_end] pathways, can function anabolically or catabolically.
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amphibolic
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amphillic
Pregunta 9
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Although anabolic and catabolic pathways may have reactions in common, the regulated, irreversible reactions are always distinct.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 10
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Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate in 10 linked reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is
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is metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl CoA.
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is metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl Cox.
Pregunta 11
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The glucose-derived carbons of acetyl CoA are subsequently [blank_start]oxidized[blank_end] to CO2.
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oxidized
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reduced
Pregunta 12
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Energy derived from fuels or light is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy currency.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 13
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ATP hydrolysis is
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exergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
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endergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
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is used to power a host of cellular functions.
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Enzymes can catalyze the transfer of a terminal phosphoryl group from one nucleotide to another
Pregunta 14
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[blank_start]Phosphoryl[blank_end] Transfer potential is an important form of cellular energy transformation
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Phosphoryl
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Phosphatase
Pregunta 15
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ATP has a [blank_start]phosphoryl-transfer[blank_end] potential intermediate between high phosphoryl- potential compounds derived from fuel molecules and acceptor molecules that require the addition of a phosphoryl group for cellular needs.
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phosphoryl-transfer
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acceptor molecules
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phosphoryl group
Pregunta 16
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What phosphate serves as an energy reserve in vertebrate muscle
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Creatine
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ATP
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ADP
Pregunta 17
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ATP must never be recycled to provide energy to power the cell
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- True
- False
Pregunta 18
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Oxidation reactions involve [blank_start]loss[blank_end] of electrons
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loss
Pregunta 19
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Oxidation reactions involve loss of electrons. Such reactions must be coupled with reactions that gain electrons. The paired reactions are called
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oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
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deoxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions
Pregunta 20
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The carbon atoms in fuels are oxidized to yield [blank_start]CO2[blank_end], and the electrons are ultimately accepted by oxygen to form [blank_start]H2O[blank_end].
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CO2
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H2O
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H2O
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CO2
Pregunta 21
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The more reduced a carbon atom is, the more free energy is released upon oxidation.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 22
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Fats are a less efficient food source than glucose because fats are more reduced.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 23
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Compounds with high [blank_start]phosphoryl[blank_end] transfer potential can couple carbon [blank_start]oxidation[blank_end] to ATP synthesis
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oxidation
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reduction
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phosphoryl
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phosphtase
Pregunta 24
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The essence of catabolism is capturing the energy of carbon oxidation as ATP.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 25
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Reduction of the carbon atom may form a compound with low phosphoryl-transfer potential that can then be used to synthesize ADP.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 26
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Ion gradients across membranes provide an important form of cellular energy that can be coupled to ATP synthesis
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- True
- False
Pregunta 27
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Ion gradients can couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 28
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In animals, 90% of ATP is generated when
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the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ADP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
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the energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of reductive phosphorylation.
Pregunta 29
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The generation of energy from food occurs in three stages
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Large molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules in the process of digestion.
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The many small molecules are processed into key molecules of metabolism, most notably acetyl CoA.
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ATP is produced from the complete oxidation of the acetyl component of acetyl CoA.
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None of the above
Pregunta 30
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Activated carrier
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ATP is an activated carrier of phosphoryl groups
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Derived from vitamins
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Derived from minerals
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NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD are activated carriers of electrons for fuel oxidation
Pregunta 31
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2. Two characteristics are common to activated carriers:
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The carriers are kinetically stable in the absence of specific catalysts.
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The carriers are kinetically stable in the presence of specific catalysts.
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The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a small number of carriers
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The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a large number of carriers
Pregunta 32
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Many Activated carriers are derived from vitamin, B vitamins function as coenzymes, what other vitamins play a roles but do not serve as conenzymes
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Vitamins A, C, D, E, and K
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Vitamins A, C, D, E,
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Vitamins A, C, D
Pregunta 33
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4. Key Reactions are reiterated throughout metabolism
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oxidation reduction
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ligation
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isomeration
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Group transfer
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Hydroltic reaction
Pregunta 34
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Reactions in which carbon bonds are cleaved by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. In these reactions, two substrates yield one product or vice versa
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- True
- False
Pregunta 35
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Metabolic processes are regulated in three principal ways
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- True
- False
Pregunta 36
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Metabolic pathways must be regulated
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create homeostasis or a stable biochemical environment.
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allosterically or by covalent modification.
Pregunta 37
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To maintain homeostasis, the levels of available nutrients must be constantly monitored and metabolism adjusted to meet the biochemical needs of the cell.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 38
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Homeostasis is maintained by three crucial regulatory strategies.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 39
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The quantity of enzyme present can be regulated at the level of gene transcription.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 40
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Catalytic activity
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is regulated allosterically or by covalent modification
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Hormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of allosteric enzymes.
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Hormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of steric enzymes.
Pregunta 41
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The energy status of the cell is often an important regulator of enzyme activity
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- True
- False
Pregunta 42
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Two common means are used to assess energy status: [blank_start]energy charge[blank_end] and [blank_start]phosphorylation[blank_end] potential.
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energy charge
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available nutrients
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phosphorylation
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kinetic
Pregunta 43
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Opposing reactions, such as fatty acid synthesis and degradation, may occur in different cellular compartments.
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- True
- False
Pregunta 44
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Controlling the flux of substrates between compartments is used to regulate metabolism.
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- True
- False
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