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Psychology Final Exam study guide

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everything that needs to be known
Mark Caballero
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Mark Caballero
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Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
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  • discerning human similarities and differences.
  • avoiding operational definitions.
  • making psychology free of value judgments.
  • To make Psychology less complicated

Pregunta 2

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Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
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  • Childhood memories and psychological disorders.
  • Philosophy and phsiology
  • natural selection and genetic predispositions.
  • thought process and brain functions

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Clinical psychologists specialize in
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  • providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.
  • providing therapy to troubled people.
  • animal research.
  • constructing surveys

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
the specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
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  • clinical psychologist.
  • psychiatrist
  • personality psychologist
  • developmental psychologist

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
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  • vary together.
  • influence each other
  • are random samples
  • are dependent variables

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that
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  • it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.
  • more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.
  • physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating frequency.

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
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  • overconfidence.
  • hindsight bias
  • the placebo effect
  • random sampling

Pregunta 8

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Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
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  • to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
  • in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
  • to that group by chance.
  • to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
Early psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt and William James focused on the study of
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  • unconscious motives.
  • conditioned responses
  • mental processes
  • clinical psychology

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
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  • control condition
  • hypothesis
  • replication
  • operational definition

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
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  • overconfidence
  • random assignment
  • the double-blind procedure
  • operational definitions

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
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  • genetic predispositions
  • childhood memories
  • unconscious thought processes
  • potential for healthy growth.

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of
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  • unconscious conflicts
  • conscious thoughts and feelings
  • observable behavior
  • genetic influences

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.
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  • massed practice and spaced practice
  • genes and experience
  • unconscious and conscious motives
  • behavior and mental processes

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
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  • random assignment
  • overconfidence
  • the placebo effect
  • naturalistic observation

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
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  • overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
  • is based on naturalistic observation.
  • may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
  • leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
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  • the double-blind procedure
  • random sampling
  • hindsight bias
  • positive expectations

Pregunta 18

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Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
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  • debriefing
  • evaluating evidence
  • case study
  • informed consent

Pregunta 19

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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
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  • genetics and eye color
  • bone density and body size
  • self-esteem and popularity
  • neurotransmitters and depression

Pregunta 20

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Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.
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  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal

Pregunta 21

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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by
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  • sensory neurons
  • interneurons
  • glial cells
  • motor neurons

Pregunta 22

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to keep you in a steady internal state called
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  • reuptake.
  • an action potential
  • polarization
  • homeostasis

Pregunta 23

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Neurotransmitters are released from knob-like terminals at the end of the
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  • cell body.
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • dendrites

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
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  • . identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
  • identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to Select one:
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  • fear dangerous animals
  • love their own children
  • seek healthy looking mates
  • do all of these things

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
neural networks refer to
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  • neural cables containing many axons
  • the branching extensions of a neuron
  • junctions between sending and receiving neurons
  • interrelated clusters of neurons in the central nervous system

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
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  • cerebellum
  • thalamus
  • amygdala
  • medulla

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
If your ________ is destroyed, the left side of your brain could not control the movements of your right hand.
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  • amygdala
  • corpus callosum
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates
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  • mutations.
  • natural selection.
  • environmental influences
  • heredity.

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the
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  • thalamus.
  • cerebellum.
  • medulla
  • amygdala

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called
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  • reuptake
  • the action potential
  • the synapse
  • polarization

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
The principle of natural selection was first advanced by
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  • Lyudmila trut
  • dimitry belyaev
  • Richard dawkins
  • charles darwin

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
The central nervous system consists of
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  • somatic and autonomic systems.
  • . sensory and motor neurons.
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
  • the brain and the spinal cord.

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
A synapse is a(n)
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  • chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.
  • neural cable containing many axons
  • junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
  • automatic response to sensory input

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems.
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  • somatic
  • peripheral
  • autonomic
  • sympathetic

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
An axon is
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  • the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
  • a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
  • a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system.
  • a molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites.

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the
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  • nucleus accumbens
  • corpus callosum.
  • pons
  • amygdala.

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
The parasympathetic nervous system
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  • stimulates digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and accelerates heartbeat.
  • inhibits digestion and slows heartbeat.
  • stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat.

Pregunta 39

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Gender identity refers to
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  • the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • the sense of being male or female.
  • one's biological sex.
  • how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Which of the following most clearly highlights Mr. Eskenazi's gender typing of his children?
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  • evolutionary psychology
  • cognitive neuroscience
  • social learning theory
  • Freudian psychology

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
A boy who exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the influence of
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  • puberty.
  • gender typing.
  • primary sex characteristics
  • the X chromosome.

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Vijay does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Vijay's behavior best illustrates the importance of
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  • gender identity.
  • menarche.
  • testosterone.
  • gender roles

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates the importance of
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  • the Y chromosome.
  • gender schemas
  • primary sex characteristics.
  • testosterone.

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of
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  • eating disorders
  • antisocial personality disorders.
  • color blindness.
  • autism

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Gender typing refers to the acquisition of
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  • a traditional masculine or feminine role.
  • secondary sex characteristics.
  • expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being either male or female.

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a
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  • gender schema
  • gender identity.
  • gender role.
  • gender type.

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
A gender role refers to
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  • a sense of being male or female.
  • a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
  • a sense of being transgender.
  • one's birth sex.

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
Compared with females, males use conversation to
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  • obtain feedback on their views.
  • offer support.
  • explore relationships.
  • communicate solutions

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
Compared with boys, girls are more likely to play in ________ groups.
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  • small
  • unsupervised
  • mixed age
  • comeptitive

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
The roles assigned to women and men
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  • have been pretty much the same in all historical time periods.
  • differ widely across cultures
  • are pretty much the same in all cultures.
  • differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time when talking to other women than men do when talking to other men.
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  • fewer; shorter
  • fewer; longer
  • more; longer
  • more; shorter

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
Social learning theory emphasizes that
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  • observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
  • children only learn gender-typed behaviors if they have been directly rewarded for them.
  • children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
  • all of these statements are true.

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Although Wendy is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Wendy could best be described as
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  • asexual
  • bisexual
  • transgender
  • intersex

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
The first appearance of secondary sex characteristics is most likely to be associated with the onset of
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  • the x chromosome
  • gender identity
  • puberty
  • transgender

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Maturation refers to
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  • biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  • any learned behavior patterns that accompany personal growth and development
  • the acquisition of socially acceptable behaviors.
  • the physical and sexual development of early adolescence.

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
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  • parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure.
  • incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
  • adjusting current schemas to make sense of new experiences.
  • developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers.

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?
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  • Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
  • Larry and Laura, brother and sister
  • Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son
  • Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
A child's temperament is likely to be
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  • a product of parenting style.
  • stable over time.
  • a reflection of his or her thinking.
  • Difficulty: Difficult to observe.

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to
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  • integrity
  • autonomy
  • intimacy
  • generativity

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are
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  • authoritarian.
  • authoritative
  • conservative.
  • permissive.

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to
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  • withdraw a limb to escape pain.
  • look longer at face-like images.
  • open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.
  • turn the head away from a cloth placed over the face.

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents.
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  • conventional
  • permissive
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
Cognition refers to
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  • any process of change that accompanies maturation.
  • any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain.
  • the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
  • an emotional tie linking one person with another.

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
Most victims of childhood sexual abuse become normal adults. This best illustrates
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  • object permanence.
  • egocentrism.
  • resilience.
  • conservation.

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
Erik Erikson suggested that the major psychosocial task of middle adulthood was to discover a sense of contributing to the world by being productive. According to Erikson, those who do this effectively demonstrate
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  • generativity.
  • intuition.
  • integrity.
  • autonomy

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.
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  • preconventional
  • concrete operational
  • postconventional
  • conventional

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of
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  • moral intuitions.
  • moral reasoning
  • the achievement of identity.
  • self-awareness.

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
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  • achieved a sense of autonomy.
  • solidified a sense of identity
  • strived for a sense of competence.
  • experienced a sense of basic trust.

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
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  • a failure to realize that things continue to exist even when they are not visible.
  • the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.
  • young children's exaggerated interest in themselves and their own pleasure.
  • a sensorimotor need for self-stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
The cocktail party effect provides an example of
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  • change blindness.
  • hypnagogic sensations.
  • selective attention
  • REM rebound.

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
a disinhibitor is a substance that makes you less impulsive
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  • True
  • False

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
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  • neurotransmitter
  • disinhibition
  • neuroadaptive
  • psychoactive

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
Stereotypes are mental conceptions that can strongly influence the way we interpret the behaviors of individuals belonging to specific racial or ethnic groups. A stereotype is most similar to a
Respuesta
  • signal detector.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • perceptual set
  • difference threshold.

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called
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  • top-down processing
  • prosopagnosia.
  • signal detection.
  • priming.

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
Patients who have negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Respuesta
  • top-down processing.
  • difference thresholds.
  • sensory adaptation.
  • priming.

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called
Respuesta
  • telepathy.
  • kinesthesis.
  • synesthesia
  • tinnitus.

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
A gestalt is best described as a(n)
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  • binocular cue.
  • illusion.
  • monocular cue.
  • organized whole.

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
Parapsychology refers to the
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  • study of synesthesia.
  • study of phenomena such as ESP and psychokinesis
  • direct transmission of thoughts from one mind to another.
  • study of perceptual illusions.

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called
Respuesta
  • olfaction.
  • the vestibular sense.
  • sensory interaction.
  • kinesthesis

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
Rods are
Respuesta
  • less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than are cones
  • less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.
  • more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than are cones.

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?
Respuesta
  • feature detectors
  • bipolar cells
  • rods
  • cones

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
Accommodation refers to the
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  • process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina.
  • process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural messages.
  • quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
  • diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
A mental set is most likely to inhibit
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  • confirmation bias.
  • belief perseverance.
  • overconfidence.
  • creativity.

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
Experts would agree that intelligence is mental ability to learn from experience.
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates
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  • insight.
  • divergent thinking
  • convergent thinking.
  • intuition.

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
The heritability of intelligence refers to
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  • the extent to which the distribution of intelligence scores of a group approximates a normal curve.
  • the proportion of variation in intelligence among individuals that is attributable to genetic variation.
  • the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
  • a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people is a(n)
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  • concept.
  • heuristic.
  • prototype.
  • algorithm.

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
People with opposing views of capital punishment reviewed mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness as a crime deterrent. As a result, their opposing views differed more strongly than ever. This best illustrates
Respuesta
  • mental set.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • the framing effect.
  • belief perseverance.

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by
Respuesta
  • confirmation bias.
  • framing.
  • the availability heuristic.
  • belief perseverance.

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
Semantics refers to the
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  • early speech stage in which a child speaks in two-word sentences.
  • rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
  • ability to understand what is said to us.
  • orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
Conditioning is the process of
Respuesta
  • discrimination.
  • observational learning.
  • spontaneous recovery.
  • learning associations.

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
In classical conditioning, generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
Respuesta
  • unconditioned reinforcer
  • unconditioned stimulus.
  • conditioned reinforcer.
  • conditioned stimulus.

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
A child learns to stop fighting with his brother when the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
Respuesta
  • positive reinforcer.
  • negative reinforcer.
  • positive punishment.
  • negative punishment.

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
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  • positive reinforcer
  • negative reinforcer.

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
Respuesta
  • negative reinforcer
  • positive reinforcer.

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of
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  • associative learning
  • continuous reinforcement.
  • modeling.
  • respondent behavior.

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
A mnemonic is a
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  • long-term memory.
  • memory aid.
  • sensory memory.
  • test or measure of memory.

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
chunking refers to the organization of information in to large groups not meaningful ones
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
process of encoding refers to getting info into memory
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
process of getting info out of memory is called
Respuesta
  • retrieval
  • ejection
  • extraction
  • memory taking

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
Respuesta
  • source amnesia.
  • flashbulb memories
  • amnesia.

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates
Respuesta
  • motivated forgetting
  • retrograde amnesia.
  • source amnesia.

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires
Respuesta
  • implicit memory.
  • working memory.
  • deep processing.
  • automatic processing.

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
Respuesta
  • implicit
  • sensory.
  • short-term

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
According to Freud, the unconscious is
Respuesta
  • a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
  • the part of personality that cannot process information.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
The MMPI is an example of a(n)
Respuesta
  • personality inventory
  • self-esteem test.
  • projective test.

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
In response to stress, the adrenal glands release
Respuesta
  • epinephrine.
  • serotonin

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
Psychologists define stress as
Respuesta
  • physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
  • the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is most unrelated to whether people
Respuesta
  • sleep well.
  • have an active religious faith.
  • are young or old.
  • have a happy marriage.

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
One of the major pillars of the positive psychology movement involves the study of
Respuesta
  • character strengths
  • the relaxation response.
  • self-control.

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
Rats that received electric shocks were unlikely to develop ulcers if the
Respuesta
  • rats could control the termination of the shocks.
  • shocks became a routine part of the rats' daily life.
  • shocks were systematically associated with the delivery of appetizing food.

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
Subjective well-being refers to
Respuesta
  • self-perceived happiness
  • emotional-focused coping.

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
An aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
Respuesta
  • instinct.
  • drive.

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
Respuesta
  • to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
  • an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion.
  • the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
  • to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
Respuesta
  • self-transcendence needs.
  • self-actualization needs.

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
A disorder in which a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and disordered perceptions is a
Respuesta
  • psychosis.
  • dissociation.

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be so full of unrelated words and phrases that it could be characterized as a “word salad”?
Respuesta
  • schizophrenia
  • panic disorder

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
The onset of schizophrenia is typically associated with early
Respuesta
  • adulthood
  • adolescence.
  • childhood.
  • infancy.

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of a(n)
Respuesta
  • dissociative disorder
  • antisocial personality disorder.

Pregunta 120

Pregunta
A basic element of all effective psychotherapies is the
Respuesta
  • escape from real-life pressures offered by psychotherapy
  • client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better.
  • professional training and experience of the therapist.

Pregunta 121

Pregunta
A central therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis is
Respuesta
  • active listening.
  • free association
  • operant conditioning

Pregunta 122

Pregunta
A therapist who takes an eclectic approach is one who
Respuesta
  • uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches.
  • prefers to engage in therapy in a group setting.
  • emphasizes that active listening is the major technique in all effective therapies.

Pregunta 123

Pregunta
Counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted responses are
Respuesta
  • systematic desensitization and free association.
  • aversive conditioning and exposure therapies.
  • unconditional positive regard and transference.

Pregunta 124

Pregunta
Humanistic therapists are likely to teach clients to
Respuesta
  • focus more on other people's feelings than on their own.
  • take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions
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