Restless Earth

Oceanic crust is denser yet thinner and mainly made up of basalt

Continental crust is constantly being destroyed and re-created

Plates are pushed towards each other. The denser [blank_start]oceanic[blank_end] plate gets forced to [blank_start]subduct[blank_end] under the [blank_start]continental[blank_end] plate. Energy builds up in the subduction zone due to [blank_start]friction[blank_end]. This is sometimes released as an [blank_start]earthquake[blank_end]. As it continues to subduct, the friction also leads to partial melting. The molten rock rises up through [blank_start]fissures[blank_end] until it reaches the surface.

When the plates move apart, this boundary is called...

Annotate the formation of fold mountIns

Ocean trenches are deep sections of the ocean, such as the Challenger Deep, usually found where an oceanic plate is subducting below a continental plate

How are the Andes used?

How do composite volcanoes vary from shield volcanoes?

When did Mt St Helens erupt?

Which facts about Mt St Helens are correct?

Primary effects of Mt St Helens were [blank_start]57[blank_end] people died, an earthquake [blank_start]5.1[blank_end] on the Richter scale, every tree in a [blank_start]250km[blank_end] square area was destroyed and a landslide that blocked 14 miles of the [blank_start]Toutle[blank_end] River. Secondary effects included lahars that destroyed [blank_start]200[blank_end] homes, sediment deposited on river beds and better tourism - [blank_start]3 million [blank_end]visitors each year.

What would the likely effects of Yellowstone erupting?

Seismic waves are generated by an earthquake. [blank_start]Primary[blank_end] waves are felt first - they are relatively weak but warn us of the worst to come. [blank_start]Secondary[blank_end] waves are stronger and travel at right angles to the direction of the wave. [blank_start]Surface[blank_end] waves are the final waves. There are two types: [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] and [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] (which cause most damage)

What is the Richter scale?

What are the three p's to reduce the impact of earthquakes?

How do people predict earthquakes?

The [blank_start]Transamerica[blank_end] Pyramid, San Francisco, was constructed of steel, reinforced concrete and glass. It successfully withstood the [blank_start]1989[blank_end] Lona Prieta earthquake. It swayed 12 inches due to the [blank_start]rubber shock absorbers[blank_end] and interlocking steel frames. To reduce this movement, there are computer controlled weights.

During Japan's annual '[blank_start]shake out[blank_end]' on the 1st [blank_start]September[blank_end] (the anniversary of the Great Kanto earthquake that killed [blank_start]140,000[blank_end] people), they learn all sorts of things. For example, they learn how to use [blank_start]fire extinguishers[blank_end], to duck cover and hold and even how to perform [blank_start]first aid[blank_end].

An urban area in an LEDC, with soft rock, very close to the focus and epicentre, is the worst place to be when an earthquake occurs.

What was the cause of the L'Aquila earthquake?

The Haiti earthquake was caused by a conservative plate boundary between the Caribbean plate and the North American

There were many effects of the L'Aquila earthquake. Primary effects included [blank_start]medieval[blank_end] buildings being damaged, [blank_start]295[blank_end] killed by collapsing buildings, [blank_start]2000[blank_end] people injured and split water pipes. Secondary effects were that [blank_start]58,000[blank_end] people were homeless and a landslide above [blank_start]Paganica[blank_end].

There were many responses to the L'Aquila earthquake. Immediate responses included the [blank_start]2000[blank_end] injured taken to hospital, [blank_start]161[blank_end] tent settlements to house [blank_start]34000[blank_end] out of the [blank_start]58000[blank_end] homeless and [blank_start]11000[blank_end] volunteers searching for survivors. Long term responses included an [blank_start]official investigation[blank_end] into why buildings collapsed and, afterwards, building regulations were strictly enforced. Overall, [blank_start]1 billion[blank_end] was poured into L'Aquila.

There were many effects of the [blank_start]2010[blank_end] Haiti earthquake. Some primary effects included [blank_start]250,000[blank_end] people dead, many by the [blank_start]50[blank_end]% of buildings that collapsed. Such buildings included the [blank_start]Parliament[blank_end] building and the police HQ. Secondary effects included [blank_start]1.5 million [blank_end]homeless and, effectively, no law and order. This was due to the main prison in Port Au Prince being destroyed as well as the death of many [blank_start]officers[blank_end] and government officials.

The [blank_start]7.3[blank_end] magnitude earthquake of Haiti had many responses. Immediate responses included [blank_start]16,000[blank_end] UN troops sent to restore law and order. They also set up a '[blank_start]Food Aid Cluster[blank_end]' to feed [blank_start]2 million [blank_end]people. Nearly [blank_start]600[blank_end] make shift camps set up to house the homeless. Long term cake included the '[blank_start]Haiti Fund[blank_end]' - a [blank_start]$11.5 billio[blank_end]n reconstruction package, especially in [blank_start]Karai[blank_end]. These reconstructions will be built to '[blank_start]Life Safe[blank_end]' building codes.