Schizophrenia PSYB3 test

DSMiv - [blank_start]core[blank_end] symptoms ([blank_start]hallucinations,delusions[blank_end]) must be present for at least [blank_start]one month[blank_end]. Other symptoms such as poor social function must be present for [blank_start]6 months[blank_end].

Positive symptoms include...

whose study indicates that schizophrenic patients jump from topic to topic in conversation?

Negative symptoms include...

Paranoid schizophrenics have hallucinations and delusions about grandeur or persecution

Catatonic patients have disorganised speech

Disorganised schizophrenic patients have disorganised speech, and thoughts. Their behaviour is bizarre. They have flat effect, social withdrawal and avolition

What is residual schizophrenia?

What is undifferentiated schizophrenia?

Name three issues with diagnosing schizophrenia.

Who said that the term 'schizophrenic' is a form of social oppression and influences how people behave and how people react to 'schizophrenic' people.

Szasz - is an anti-labeller who

Labelling theory says there is poor validity in diagnosis of schizophrenia

A criticism of labelling theory is that it doesn't explain where the behaviour came from in the first place. It explains the maintenance through self fulfilling prophecy.

In Rosenhans study he sent 8 [blank_start]healthy[blank_end] people to make appointments in hospitals using the wors '[blank_start]thud[blank_end]', '[blank_start]hollow[blank_end]' and '[blank_start]empty[blank_end]'. Once admitted they all acted [blank_start]normally[blank_end]. All were diagnosed as schizophrenic despite being healthy. They were treated [blank_start]differently[blank_end] because they were seen as schizophrenia. They all left with a in remission diagnosis. This study shows how people behave differently to 'schizophrenics' and how easily [blank_start]misdiagnosis[blank_end] occurs. Also it shows how the label is hard to get rid of.

The biological approach says that there is a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia

The twin study by Gottesman and Shields found [blank_start]48[blank_end]% concordance rates for MZ twins and [blank_start]17[blank_end]% for DZ twins. Therefore because the MZ [blank_start]share more[blank_end] DNA the fact that they have higher concordance rates indicates a [blank_start]genetic[blank_end] link. A criticism of this study is that the higher concordance rate in MZs could be due to a very [blank_start]similar[blank_end] environment. Also if schizophrenia is due to genes alone, the concordance rate should be [blank_start]100[blank_end]%.

In a adoption study by [blank_start]Heston[blank_end], [blank_start]16[blank_end]% of the children ,from 47 schizophrenic mothers, who had been adopted at birth had schizophrenia. This is much higher than the [blank_start]1[blank_end]% population level. Therefore it seems that schizophrenia is [blank_start]hereditary[blank_end]. This is more conclusive than the twin study by [blank_start]Gottesman and Shields[blank_end] because the children [blank_start]didn't share[blank_end] the same environment with the mother. However this study suffers from a [blank_start]small sample size[blank_end].

The neurochemical explanation for schizophrenia suggests that excess dopamine causes exessive neural activity (positive symptoms)

There is [blank_start]a lot of[blank_end] evidence for the dopemine hypothesis including; Post [blank_start]mortems[blank_end] showing excess dopemine, [blank_start]Cocaine[blank_end] studies (cocaine causes positive symptoms and heightens dopemine activity), [blank_start]Antipsychotic[blank_end] drugs reduce dopemine and positive symptoms.

According to biologists, abnormal brain structures cause schizophrenia. Weyandt found enlarged ventricles correlate with negative symptoms

Who found enlarged ventricles correlate with negative symptoms?

Expressed emotion belongs to the [blank_start]family dysfunction[blank_end] explanation for schizophrenia. This is a [blank_start]qualitative[blank_end] of the amount of emotion displayed within a family. HIgh expressed emotion means there are high levels of [blank_start]hostility[blank_end], [blank_start]disapproval[blank_end] and [blank_start]criticism[blank_end]. Often family members who act like this think they are being helpful.

Nomura said if a recovering schizophrenic returns home to a family with high EE they are more likey to relapse to a highly active phase

Evidence to support Nomura's theory that if a recovering schizophrenic returns home to a family with high EE they are more likey to relapse to a highly active phase, comes from Butzlaff and Holey

Butzlaff and Holey found [blank_start]70[blank_end]% of people returning home to a [blank_start]high[blank_end] expressed emotion family relapsed within a [blank_start]year[blank_end].

Bateson said when children are put in a [blank_start]no win[blank_end] situation by parents, a [blank_start]double[blank_end] bind, they may develop schizophrenia if they don't find a way out of it. They develop symptoms such as [blank_start]flat effect[blank_end] as a logical response to their situation

Schiffman said 'Patterns of [blank_start]communication[blank_end] and relationships have been identified as [blank_start]stress[blank_end] factors causing schizophrenia'. This includes double [blank_start]bind[blank_end] and [blank_start]high[blank_end] expressed emotion.

The most effective treatment is drug therapy alone.

A strength of medication in an institution is that dosage cannot be monitored

Institutions provide a safe environment for patients.

Institutions cause self fulfilling prophecies.

The artificial environment of an institution means they learn to cope with the disorder in the real world.

Name a conventional antipsychotic drugs

All conventional antipsychotic drugs reduce the firing of dopemine

Chlorpromazine must be taken regularly with or without symptoms or they will return with greater severity.

Who's study found just 6 weeks of treatment with antipsychotic drugs showed significant improvement in 75% of patients.

Conventional drugs cause what side effects? Severe muscle

Name an a-typical antipsychotic drug

Atypical drugs reduce not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms.

About [blank_start]25[blank_end]% of sufferers do not respond to [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] drugs. These people often respond to [blank_start]atypical[blank_end] drugs.

A problem with antipsychotic drugs is that they are reductionist.

Strengths of antipsychotic drugs in institutions include-stopping revolving door syndrome and a safer environment.

Weaknesses of medication within an institution include - an [blank_start]artificial[blank_end] environment [blank_start]doesn't help[blank_end] the patient to establish reality - causes self fulfilling prophecy