6041193
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Pregunta 1
Pregunta
There is an ability to attribute the same beliefs, desires, and intentions that you have to others. This can also be used to predict behaviour. What is this called?
Respuesta
-
Theory of Mind
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Understanding of Mind
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Perception of Mind
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
Bakti (et al., 2000) found early signs of Theory of Mind when infants were focused on the open eyes of faces. Does this occur before or after they turn a year old?
Respuesta
-
Before
-
After
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
It has been suggested that when babies see others cry, they cry as well. They can "catch" emotions. What is this called?
Respuesta
-
Emotional disease
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Emotional contagion
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Emotional reciprocation
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
Do newborns understand empathy when they see others expressing emotion?
Respuesta
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Yes
-
No
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
Infants use emotional signals to guide their actions or appraise events. For example, during "visual cliffs", infants look at their mothers to decide on what to do next. What is this called?
Respuesta
-
Social inference
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Social referencing
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Social indignation
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
When is social referencing said to occur?
Respuesta
-
Before turning a year old
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When a year old
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At 2 years old
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal for something to be picked up.
Respuesta
-
Proto-imperative pointing
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Proto-declarative pointing
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal at an object or person, but have no desire for action.
Respuesta
-
Proto-declarative pointing
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Proto-imperative pointing
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
One-year-olds understand and engage with the attention of others to share attention. What is this called?
Respuesta
-
Joint attention
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Reciprocal attention
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Understood attention
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
At what age do infants understand early desire (Rapacholi & Gopnik, 1997), as well as the desire-happiness and desire-action links (Wellman & Wooley, 1990)?
Respuesta
-
At a year old
-
At 2 years old
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Less than a year old
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Do newborns prefer open or closed eyes according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
Respuesta
-
Open
-
Closed
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Do newborns find faces interesting, according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which of the following evolves first in infant development at 18 months old?
Respuesta
-
Early desire
-
Desire-happiness link
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Desire-action link
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
Children acquire adult-like Theory of Mind understanding at what age?
Respuesta
-
A year old
-
2 years old
-
3 years old
-
4 years old
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
According to Wellman (1990), do children begin to have belief-desire reasoning?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
At 2 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
Respuesta
-
Desires
-
Beliefs
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
At 4 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
Respuesta
-
Desires
-
Beliefs
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Does Theory of Mind develop continuously from birth to adulthood?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
According to Perner (1991), what type of understanding do children develop?
Respuesta
-
Representational
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Fictional
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Theoretical
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Perceptual
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
A 3 year old will commonly answer ________ to a false belief task.
Respuesta
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Correctly
-
Incorrectly
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
A 4 or 5-year-old will typically answer ________ on a false belief task.
Respuesta
-
Correctly
-
Incorrectly
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Is the false belief task an "acid test" of whether Theory of Mind has been understood?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
A child understands Theory of Mind when:
Respuesta
-
They can separate mind (eg, what someone believes) from world (eg, what something actually is)
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They can conflate two variables together to form a type of reasoning
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
If a child fails a false belief task, what type of deficit is it?
Respuesta
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A mental understanding deficit
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A language or memory deficit
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Which sex prefers to more eye contact and biological motion?
Respuesta
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Girls
-
Boys
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Who has the slight advantage at false belief tasks according to Charman, Ruffman, and Clements (2001)?
Respuesta
-
Girls
-
Boys
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Avis and Harris (1991) examined the Baka tribe of Cameroon on the understanding of Theory of Mind. Callaghan (et al., 2005) replicated and extended the findings. What was found?
Respuesta
-
Children under 5 failed the task, children over 5 passed
-
Children, regardless of age, were able to pass the task
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Wellman, Cross, and Watson (2001) were able to confirm that full understanding occurs at what age?
Respuesta
-
2 years old
-
3 years old
-
4 years old
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Social understanding of Theory of Mind is:
Respuesta
-
Social understanding
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Perceptual understanding
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Rational understanding
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
Social understanding of Theory of Mind, narrowly, is:
Respuesta
-
False belief understanding
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False perceptual understanding
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False rationalisation understanding
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
In false belief understanding (or social understanding) do children differentiate between beliefs and desires? Would they understand that someone will act on their beliefs even when their desires are against it?
Respuesta
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Yes
-
No
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Is false belief understanding (or social understanding) synonymous with perspective-taking (Perner, et al., 2002)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Do children need connectedness of communication (Slomkowski & Dunn, 1996) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Do children need the understanding of role play, as well as joint proposals in pretend play (Astington & Jenkins, 1995) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Do children need peer-teaching skills (Strauss, Ziv & Stein, 2002) in perspective-taking in order to pass false belief tasks?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Which way are social skills generally measured in children, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
Respuesta
-
Intentional behaviours vs. social rules
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Intentional behaviours with social rules
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Are there general ratings with social competence, or are they more specific according to Nixon, Wilson, and Capage (1999)?
Respuesta
-
General ratings with social competence
-
Specific ratings with social competence
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Is there an issue with language and social competence in that there is no language control, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Is there an issue with language and social control in terms of total utterances according to Watson (et al., 1999)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Is there an issue with language and social competence in terms of attributing language with causality, according to Pears and Carlson (2003)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Is there an issue with social competence against causality, in that there is a division between certain socially competent children and the socially skilled (Bosacki & Astington)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to psychopathy, according to Blair (2003, 2008)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to bullying, according to Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
Dunn and Cutting (2001) highlighted that children ________ become sensitive to criticism.
Respuesta
-
Do
-
Do not
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding with very warm mothers leads to high or low self-esteem?
Respuesta
-
High self-esteem
-
Low self-esteem
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding but with more cold and hostile mothers leads to higher or lower self-esteem?
Respuesta
-
Higher self-esteem
-
Lower self-esteem
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
What two components are necessary for greater understanding of Theory of Mind?
Respuesta
-
Executive functioning
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General language ability
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Hippocampal processing
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Advanced perceptual understanding
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Rationalisation
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The Vygotskian view suggests that, for a more advanced understanding of Theory of Mind, children need to learn and practice mental state understanding or perspective taking (Harris, et al., 2005). What is this called?
Respuesta
-
Mental state awareness
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Mental state talk
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Mental state coercion
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
Does Theory of Mind understanding positively correlate with the number of siblings a 3 or 4-year-old has according to Perner (et al., 1994)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
According to Astington & Jenkins (1995), does the number of siblings positively correlate with false belief task success particularly with weaker language competency?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
Lewis (et al., 1996) analysed families in Cyprus. They found that the ______ family members a child had, the greater their chances of passing false belief tasks. This was especially true with siblings.
Respuesta
-
More
-
Less
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
According to Ruffman (et al., 1998), does social interaction with siblings facilitate social cognition (eg, Theory of Mind)?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Youngblade and Dunn (1995) found that:
Respuesta
-
The older the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence
-
The younger the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
Brown and Dunn (1991, 1992) found that most mental state talk occurs with the mother or older sibling(s)?
Respuesta
-
Mother
-
OIder sibling(s)
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
The Ruffman, Slade and Crowe (2002) study was cross-sectional (eg, at one time-point). It gives correlations between the mother and child, but does it give causation?
Respuesta
-
Yes
-
No
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
Does mental state talk cause false belief understanding (comes before), or does a mother's use of mental state talk help to facilitate understanding once they have already achieved it (comes after)?
Respuesta
-
Mental state talk causes false belief understanding (comes before)
-
Mental state talk helps to facilitate understanding once they have achieved it (comes after)
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