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Thorax- Anatomy 2nd Sem, 2nd Year- PMU

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Thorax- Anatomy 2nd Sem, 2nd Year- PMU
Med Student
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Med Student
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Resumen del Recurso

Pregunta 1

Pregunta
Pectoral nerves are branches of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 2

Pregunta
Long thoracic nerve is a direct branch of the roots of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 3

Pregunta
Dorsal scapular nerve is a direct branch of the roots of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 4

Pregunta
Superior trunk of the brachial plexus gives off n.suprascapularis and nerve to the subclavius
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 5

Pregunta
Mediastinum is the space in thoracic cavity where the lungs are located
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 6

Pregunta
The lower border of parietal pleura is projected at the level of 12th rib on the back of the thorax
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 7

Pregunta
The surasternal space is between the superficial (investing) and middle lamina of deep cervical fascia
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 8

Pregunta
The phrenic nerve is a part of the neurovascular bundle of the neck
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 9

Pregunta
The cervical parietal pleura farms the dome of each pleural cavity
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 10

Pregunta
The parietal and visceral pericardium are separated by a thin film of fluid
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 11

Pregunta
*The subclavian vessels arch over the anterior surface of the dome of the pleura
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 12

Pregunta
The costomediastinal recess lies along the inferior margin of the pleura
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 13

Pregunta
The costodiaphragmatic recess extends between the thoracic wall and the vertical part of the diaphragm
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 14

Pregunta
The phrenic nerve and its accompanying vessels pass anterior to the lung root
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 15

Pregunta
The vagus nerve descends posterior to the lung root
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 16

Pregunta
The phrenic and vagus nerves descend between the pericardium and sternum
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 17

Pregunta
The thoracic duct enters the thoracic cavity through hiatus aorticus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 18

Pregunta
The lower boundary of mediastinum superius is the plane between angulus sterni and Th4/Th5
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 19

Pregunta
The upper boundary of mediastinum superius is the plane between the sternal notch and Th1
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 20

Pregunta
Phrenic nerve passes posteriorly to the root of the lungs
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 21

Pregunta
Vagus nerve passes anteriorly to the root of the lungs
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 22

Pregunta
Phrenic and vagus nerves pass together posteriorly to the root of the lungs
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 23

Pregunta
In the thorax sympathetic trunk is ultimately related to the esophagus
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 24

Pregunta
Aortic arch may have from 1 to 6 branches
Respuesta
  • True
  • False

Pregunta 25

Pregunta
The pleural cavity contains:
Respuesta
  • Blood
  • Mucosal fluid
  • Serous fluid
  • Air

Pregunta 26

Pregunta
*In lymphatic drainage of the breast, the major portion (about 75%) enters eventually into which group of nodes?
Respuesta
  • Central axillary
  • Deltopectoral
  • Lateral axillary
  • Parasternal
  • Subscapular

Pregunta 27

Pregunta
A woman with breast cancer subsequently develops metastases in her vertebral column. The most direct route for spread of the tumor to the vertebral column was via:
Respuesta
  • branches of the cephalic vein
  • branches of the lateral thoracic vein
  • branches of the thoracoacromial veins
  • lymphatic vessels draining into the axilla
  • branches of the intercostal veins

Pregunta 28

Pregunta
*The clavipectoral fascia is penetrated by which artery?
Respuesta
  • Anterior circumflex humeral
  • Axillary
  • Subscapular
  • Thoracoacromial
  • Thoracodorsal

Pregunta 29

Pregunta
*During a motorcycle accident, an 18-year-old male landed on the right lateral side of his rib cage with his right upper limb abducted. In the hospital he was found to have "winging” of the right scapula. Which nerve was likely damaged in the accident?
Respuesta
  • Accessory
  • Lateral pectoral
  • Lung thoracic
  • Phrenic
  • Vagus

Pregunta 30

Pregunta
Breast cancer cells can spread directly to the cranial cavity and brain via the vertebral venous plexus. Thmngh which route can they reach this plexus?
Respuesta
  • Axillary lymph nodes
  • Internal thoracic vein
  • Intercostal veins
  • Parasternal lymph nodes
  • Thoracoacromial artery

Pregunta 31

Pregunta
While observing a mastectomy on a 60-year-old female patient, a medical student was asked by the surgeon to help tie off the arteries that supply the medial side of the breast. The artery that gives origin to these small branches is the:
Respuesta
  • Internal thoracic
  • Musculophrenic
  • Posterior intercostal
  • Superior epigastric
  • Tharacoacromial

Pregunta 32

Pregunta
*Upon finding a malignant tumor in the medial portion of the breast of a 40-year-old female, the surgeon began to search for the lymph nodes that would be the first ones reached by metastatic spread of cancer cells from this site. Which group(s) would have to be examined to determine whether metastasis had occurred?
Respuesta
  • Central only
  • Parastemal only
  • Parastemal and apical
  • Parasternal and lateral
  • Parasternal and pectoral

Pregunta 33

Pregunta
When inserting a chest tube, intercostal vessels and nerves are avoided by placing the tube immediately:
Respuesta
  • above the margin of a rib
  • below the margin of a rib

Pregunta 34

Pregunta
Because of its angle with the trachea and size of the main bronchus. a bronchoscpe would pass more readily into which lung?
Respuesta
  • Left
  • Right

Pregunta 35

Pregunta
The second costal cartilage can be located by palpating the:
Respuesta
  • costal margin
  • sternal angle
  • sternal notch
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • xiphoid process

Pregunta 36

Pregunta
The thoracic wall is innervated by:
Respuesta
  • Dorsal primary rami
  • lntercostal nerves
  • Lateral pectoral nerves
  • Medial pectoral nerves
  • Thoracodorsal nerves

Pregunta 37

Pregunta
A 3rd~year medical student was doing her first physical exam. In order to properly place her stethoscope to listen to heart sounds, she palpated bony landmarks. She began at the jugular notch, then slid her fingers down to the sternal angle. At which rib (costal cartilage) level were her fingers?
Respuesta
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • Can’t be determined

Pregunta 38

Pregunta
The portion of the parietal pleura that extends above the first rib is called the:
Respuesta
  • costodiaphragmatic recess
  • costomediastinal recess
  • costocervical recess
  • cupola
  • endothoracic fascia

Pregunta 39

Pregunta
A stethoscope placed over the left second intercostal space just lateral to the sternum would be best positioned to detect sounds associated with which heart valve?
Respuesta
  • aortic
  • pulmonary
  • mitral
  • tricuspid

Pregunta 40

Pregunta
Which valves would be open during ventricular systole?
Respuesta
  • Aortic and pulmonary
  • Aortic and tricuspid
  • Mitral and aortic
  • Tricuspid and mitral
  • Tricuspid and pulmonary

Pregunta 41

Pregunta
Which statement is true of the right atrioventricular valve?
Respuesta
  • it is also called the mitral valve
  • it is open during ventricular diastole
  • it transmits oxygenated bleed
  • it is opened by the pull of chordae tendineae
  • it consists of 2 leaflets

Pregunta 42

Pregunta
The heart sound associated with the mitral valve is best heard:
Respuesta
  • In the jugular notch
  • In the second left intercostal space
  • In the second right intercostal space
  • In the fifth left intercostal space
  • To the right of the xiphoid process

Pregunta 43

Pregunta
You are attending an operation to remove a thymic tumor from the superior mediastinum. The surgeon asks, “What important nerve lying on and partly curving posteriorly around the arch of the aorta should we be careful of as we remove this mass?” You quickly answer, “The--
Respuesta
  • left phrenic
  • left sympathetic trunk
  • left vagus
  • right phrenic
  • right sympathetic trunk

Pregunta 44

Pregunta
The sternocostal surface of the heart is formed primarily by the anterior wall of which heart chamber?
Respuesta
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle

Pregunta 45

Pregunta
Which of the following layers provides a natural cleavage plane for surgical separation of the costal pleura from the thoracic wall?
Respuesta
  • Deep fascia
  • Endothoracic fascia
  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
  • Transversus thoracis muscle fascia

Pregunta 46

Pregunta
The diaphragm receives its main motor nerve supply from:
Respuesta
  • N. Vagus
  • Truncus sympaticus
  • N. Intercostalis
  • N. Phrenicus
  • N. Accessorius

Pregunta 47

Pregunta
Which structure does NOT lie in the coronary sulcus?
Respuesta
  • circumflex artery
  • coronary sinus
  • right coronary artery
  • right marginal artery
  • left coronary artery

Pregunta 48

Pregunta
Which posterior mediastinal structure is most closely applied to the posterior surface of the pericardial sac?
Respuesta
  • Aorta
  • Azygos vein
  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic duct
  • Trachea

Pregunta 49

Pregunta
In obstruction of the superior or inferior vena cava, venous blood is returned to the heart by an alternate route via the azygos vein, which becomes dilated in the process. Which of the following structures might it compress as a result?
Respuesta
  • trachea
  • root of the left lung
  • phrenic nerve
  • thoracic duct
  • descending aorta

Pregunta 50

Pregunta
Elevated systolic blood pressure in the right ventricle suggests stenosis of which valve?
Respuesta
  • Aortic
  • Mitral
  • Pulmonary
  • Tricuspid

Pregunta 51

Pregunta
You are called to perform thoracentesis (remove fluid from the pleural cavity). If you are to avoid injuring lung or neurovascular elements. where would you insert the aspiration needle?
Respuesta
  • the top of interspace 8 in the midclavicular line
  • the bottom of interspace 8 in the midclavicular line
  • the top of interspace 9 in the midaxillary line
  • the bottom of interspace 9 in the midaxillary line
  • the top of interspace 11 in the scapular line

Pregunta 52

Pregunta
The pleural space into which lung tissue just above the cardiac notch would tend to expand during deep inspiration is the:
Respuesta
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Costodiaphragmatic recess
  • Costomediastinal recess
  • Cupola
  • Pulmonary ligament

Pregunta 53

Pregunta
Which vessel courses across the mediastinum in an almost horizontal fashion?
Respuesta
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Left subclavian vein
  • Left brachiocephalic vein
  • Left internal jugular vein
  • Left common carotid artery

Pregunta 54

Pregunta
An 8-year-old boy is found to have a mid-line tumor of the thymus gland that is impinging posteriorly on a blood vessel. The affected vessel is most likely the:
Respuesta
  • left brachiocephalic vein
  • left pulmonary vein
  • left bronchial vein
  • right pulmonary artery
  • right superior intecostal vein

Pregunta 55

Pregunta
Sympathetic fibers in the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve arise from neuron cell bodies found in the:
Respuesta
  • brainstem
  • celiac ganglion
  • chain ganglion
  • spinal cord
  • superior mesenterric ganglion

Pregunta 56

Pregunta
Gray rami communicantes contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate which of the following structures in the thoracic region?
Respuesta
  • aorta
  • heart
  • lung
  • sweat glands
  • trachea

Pregunta 57

Pregunta
In the midregion of the thorax the thoracic duct lies immediately posterior to the:
Respuesta
  • aorta
  • azygos vein
  • esophagus
  • superior vena cava
  • trachea

Pregunta 58

Pregunta
Lymph nodes can be found in which mediastinal compartments?
Respuesta
  • Anterior
  • Middle
  • Posterior
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Pregunta 59

Pregunta
A tumor of the posterior mediastinum is most likely to compress which of the following structures?
Respuesta
  • Arch of the aorta
  • Esophagus
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Trachea

Pregunta 60

Pregunta
The aorta is located in which mediastinal compartments?
Respuesta
  • Anterior only
  • Anterior and middle
  • Middle only
  • Middle and posterior
  • Posterior only

Pregunta 61

Pregunta
While performing transesophageal echocardiography on a patient, the posterior wall of the esophagus, immediately behind the left atrium, was punctured from within. The patient subsequently developed an infection in the Space around the esophagus at this point, namely the:
Respuesta
  • Anterior mediastinum
  • Middle mediastinum
  • Posterior mediastinum
  • Superior mediastinum

Pregunta 62

Pregunta
Since the puncture in the previous question was through the posterior wall of the esophagus, the doctors were also very concerned about possible damage to a thin-walled vessel just behind the esophagus and between the azygos vein and aorta, i.e., the:
Respuesta
  • Hemiazygos vein
  • Left bronchial vein
  • Left pulmonary vein
  • Superior vena cava
  • Thoracic duct

Pregunta 63

Pregunta
During a surgical procedure, a patient’s right sympathetic trunk was accidentally severed just cranial to the level of spinal nerve T1. Which function would be left intact in the affected region?
Respuesta
  • Arrector pili muscle activity
  • Dilation/constriction of blood vessels
  • Sweat production
  • Visceral reflex activity
  • Voluntary muscle activity

Pregunta 64

Pregunta
Most of the drainage of the thoracic body wall reaches the superior vena cava via the azygos vein. A notable exception is the left superior intercostal vein, which normally drains into the:
Respuesta
  • Left brachiocephalic vein
  • Left bronchial vein
  • Left pulmonary vein
  • Left subclavian vein
  • Superior vena cava

Pregunta 65

Pregunta
You are observing a physician perform a thoracoscopic procedure. She pushes the deflated lung anteroinferiorly and points out a nervous structure lying across the heads of the ribs. You identify this structure as the
Respuesta
  • Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve
  • Sympathetic trunk
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Vagus nerve

Pregunta 66

Pregunta
An enlarging lymph node gradually constricts the flow of blood in the azygos venous arch. Which vessel would enlarge as a result of collateral drainage?
Respuesta
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Internal thoracic vein
  • Right brachiocephalic vein
  • Superior epigastric vein

Pregunta 67

Pregunta
A cancerous growth from the body of the 9th thoracic vertebra exerts pressure anterolaterally. Which structure lies in direct contact with this growth?
Respuesta
  • Right vagus nerve
  • Right phrenic nerve
  • Right sympathetic trunk
  • Right greater thoracic splanchnic nerve
  • Right 9th intercostal nerve

Pregunta 68

Pregunta
A 45-year-old female patient complains of excessive sweating on the right side of the face and neck and in the right armpit region, where it leaves her clothing constantly stained with moisture. It is now such a terrible social embarrassment that she has become withdrawn and self-conscious. Since no medical treatment has proven effective, she is considering surgical denervation of the sweat glands in the affected areas. Which structure(s) might be removed or cut in order to alleviate her condition?
Respuesta
  • Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
  • Dorsal roots of cervical nerves
  • Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve
  • Lumbar sympathetic trunk
  • Vagus nerve

Pregunta 69

Pregunta
The mammary gland
Respuesta
  • consists of 10-20 simple glands
  • consists of 50-70 simple glands
  • lies on the deep layer of fascia pectoralis
  • lies between the deep and superficial layer of fascia pectoralis
  • lies on the superficial layer of fascia pectoralis

Pregunta 70

Pregunta
The average female breast
Respuesta
  • never extends laterally over the serratus anterior muscle
  • has a separate duct for each lobe opening on to the nipple
  • develops a large amount of secretory tissue at puberty
  • has a lymphatic drainage mainly going direct to the infraclavicular lymph nodes
  • is developmentally a collection of modified sweat glands

Pregunta 71

Pregunta
The blood supply of the mammary gland includes the following arteries:
Respuesta
  • a. thoracica interna
  • a. tharacica lateralis
  • a. thoracica externa
  • a. thoracica medialis
  • aa. intercostales posteriores

Pregunta 72

Pregunta
*The structures that pass through quadrangular space are:
Respuesta
  • a. axillaris
  • n. axillaris
  • n. subscapularis
  • a. circumflexa humeri ant.
  • a. circumflexa humeri post.

Pregunta 73

Pregunta
*The anterior wall of fossa axillaris comprises:
Respuesta
  • m. pectoralis minor
  • m. pectoralis major
  • m. subclavius
  • m. serratus ant.
  • m. deltoideus

Pregunta 74

Pregunta
*The medial cord of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • gives a branch to the pectoralis major muscle
  • gives origin to the ulnar nerve
  • forms part of the median nerve
  • contains fibres of the fifth cervical spinal nerve
  • lies behind the axillary artery in part of its course

Pregunta 75

Pregunta
*The axillary nerve
Respuesta
  • has no cutaneous branches
  • supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles
  • passes backwards inferior to the teres major muscle
  • contains fibres from the fifth and sixth cervical spinal nerves
  • is medial to the long head of the triceps muscle

Pregunta 76

Pregunta
*The pectoralis major muscle
Respuesta
  • is attached to the floor of the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)
  • is supplied by branches of the three cords of the brachial plexus
  • is a lateral rotator of the upper aim at the glenohumeral joint
  • is involved in flexion of the upper arm at the glenohumeral joint
  • is used in climbing a rope by means of the upper limb

Pregunta 77

Pregunta
*The approximate vertebral level of
Respuesta
  • the jugular (suprasternal) notch is the second thoracic vertebra
  • the sternal angle is the fourth thoracic vertebra
  • the xiphoid process of the sternum is the ninth thoracic vertebra
  • the lowest level of the costal (subcostal) margin is the third lumbar vertebra
  • the transpyloric plane is the first lumbar vertebra

Pregunta 78

Pregunta
*The posterior cord of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • contains fibres from only the seventh and eighth cervical spinal nerves
  • gives off a branch which joins the median nerve
  • is lateral to the axillary artery in the proximal part of its course
  • gives off branches which supply the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles
  • contains fibres which supply the muscles on the back of the forearm

Pregunta 79

Pregunta
*The median nerve
Respuesta
  • arises by two roots, one from the lateral cord and the other from the medial cord of the brachial plexus
  • does not contain fibres originating in the first thoracic spinal nerve
  • lies medial to the axillary artery in the axilla
  • supplies all the fiexor muscles in the front of the forearm
  • is commonly the motor nerve to the abductor pollicis brevis muscle

Pregunta 80

Pregunta
*The upper trunk of the brachial plexus
Respuesta
  • contains fibres which supply the teres minor muscle
  • supplies muscles which abduct the upper limb at the shoulder joint
  • contains fibres which supply the skin on the proximal medial aspect of the upper limb
  • supplies some of the muscles which flex the upper limb at the shoulder joint
  • supplies muscles which produce medial rotation at the shoulder joint

Pregunta 81

Pregunta
*Foramen axillare laterale contains:
Respuesta
  • A. axillaris
  • N. axillaris
  • N. subscapularis
  • A. circumflexa humeri anterior
  • A. circumflexa humeri posterior

Pregunta 82

Pregunta
Which of the following statements are true or false?
Respuesta
  • The pleural cavity lies between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
  • The fluid in the pleural cavity lubricates the movement of the lungs
  • During the quite breathing the lungs fill the entire pleural sac within each they lie
  • On entering the lung the two main bronchi divide repeatedly to form smaller bronchi
  • The paired lungs are soft organs of respiration that occupy entirely the thoracic cavity

Pregunta 83

Pregunta
The heart
Respuesta
  • is a powerful pump that keeps the blood circulation
  • is situated within mediastinum
  • is enclosed within the pleura
  • wall is made up of three layers
  • is only divided into two atria

Pregunta 84

Pregunta
Regarding the surface projections on the chest:
Respuesta
  • The upper border of the heart projects on the chest wall at the level of the third ribs
  • The apex of the heart projects on the chest wall at 2cm medial to the midclavicular line in 3rd intercostal space
  • Cupula pleurae projects 4cm above the first rib anteriorly
  • The deepest point of pleural cavity is the costodiaphragmatic recess
  • The lower border of the lung projects posteriorly at the level of the 12th rib

Pregunta 85

Pregunta
The root of the right lung
Respuesta
  • lies opposite the bodies of the fifth, sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae
  • has the vena azygos arching forwards inferior to it
  • has the phrenic nerve passing anterior to it
  • has the pulmonary ligament lying behind it
  • has the bronchus lying posterior to the pulmonary artery and vein

Pregunta 86

Pregunta
The left phrenic nerve
Respuesta
  • is posterior to the thoracic duct
  • is posterior to the vagus nerve as they cross the arch of the aorta
  • has no branches in the thorax other than those supplying the diaphragm
  • does not give any branches to the right crus of the diaphragm
  • is posterior to the left brachiocephalic (innominate) vein

Pregunta 87

Pregunta
The left coronary artery
Respuesta
  • arises from the right posterior aortic sinus
  • lies between the pulmonary trunk and left auricle
  • has no anastomosis with the right coronary artery
  • gives off an anterior interventricular branch
  • gives branches to the sinu-atrial node

Pregunta 88

Pregunta
The diaphragm
Respuesta
  • moves vertically about 1-2 cm in quiet breathing
  • is innervated solely by the phrenic nerves
  • has a circular tendinous centre
  • forms an anatomical sphincter round the esophagus
  • has a motor nerve supply mainly from the fourth cervical segment of the spinal cord

Pregunta 89

Pregunta
The right main bronchus
Respuesta
  • has the azygos vein arching above it
  • is posterior to the ascending aorta
  • is at least 6 cm long
  • begins at the level of the third thoracic vertebra
  • is more vertical than the left main bronchus

Pregunta 90

Pregunta
The right atrioventricular valve
Respuesta
  • is related to an opening about 1.5 cm in diameter
  • has anterior, posterior and septal cusps
  • has three papillary muscles
  • is attached to a muscular ring which contracts during ventricular systole
  • is formed by cusps consisting largely of endothelium and fibrous tissue

Pregunta 91

Pregunta
In relation to the diaphragm
Respuesta
  • the inferior vena cava passes through its muscular part
  • the aorta passes behind it in the midline at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra
  • the subcostal nerve passes laterally behind the medial arcuate ligament
  • the esophagus passes through it at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra
  • the anterior and posterior gastric nerves pass through the esophageal opening

Pregunta 92

Pregunta
The left phrenic nerve
Respuesta
  • is posterior to the subclavian artery
  • is anterior to the root of the left lung
  • is usually motor to both halves of the diaphragm
  • contains a majority of sensory fibres (about two-thirds)
  • is anterolateral to the arch of the aorta

Pregunta 93

Pregunta
A typical intercostal nerve
Respuesta
  • is inferior to the intercostal vessels in the costal groove
  • is the anterior primary ramus of a thoracic spinal nerve
  • has a cutaneeus distribution limited to the skin of the side and from of the trunk
  • anteriorly contains postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
  • contains sensory fibres supplying the visceral pleura

Pregunta 94

Pregunta
The left main bronchus
Respuesta
  • is longer than the right main bronchus
  • is more vertical than the right main bronchus
  • lies anterior to the left pulmonary artery
  • constricts the esophagus about 25 cm from the incisor teeth
  • contains smooth muscle innervated by branches of the vagus and sympathetic nerves

Pregunta 95

Pregunta
Inside the right atrium
Respuesta
  • the wall is ridged anteriorly and smooth posteriorly
  • the wall of the auricle is smooth
  • the opening of the superior vena cava has a valve
  • the opening of the coronary sinus has a valve
  • the fossa ovalis can be seen below the opening of the coronary sinus

Pregunta 96

Pregunta
The esophagus
Respuesta
  • commences about 25cm from the incisor teeth in the average adult
  • is constricted to some extent by the right main bronchus
  • is anterior to the thoracic aorta above the diaphragm
  • usually passes between the two crura of the diaphragm
  • has a sphincter at its lower end just below the diaphragm

Pregunta 97

Pregunta
On the mediastinal surface of the left lung
Respuesta
  • the left ventricle produces a depression in from of and below the hilum
  • there is a groove above the hilum for the vena azygos
  • the vague nerve passes anterior to the hilum
  • the main bronchus lies anterior to the pulmonary artery
  • the thoracic aorta lies behind the hilium

Pregunta 98

Pregunta
The fibrous pericardium
Respuesta
  • is firmly attached to part of the diaphragm
  • is continuous with the prevertebral cervical fascia
  • is innervated by only the vagus nerves
  • is separated from the sternum by pleura
  • is lined by epicardium

Pregunta 99

Pregunta
The arch of the aorta
Respuesta
  • usually extends upwards as far as thejugular (suprasternal) notch
  • is crossed anteriorly and to the left by the left phrenic nerve
  • lies in front and to the left of the bifurcation of the trachea
  • has the superficial cardiac plexus on its upper convex border
  • has the recurrent laryngeal nerve passing below it to the right of the ligamentum arteriosum

Pregunta 100

Pregunta
Sympathetic nerves in the thorax
Respuesta
  • supply the heart from the first four thoracic spinal segments
  • supply mainly postganglionic fibres to the coeliac ganglia
  • are vasodilator to the coronary arteries
  • cause constriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi
  • give sensory fibres to the parietal pleura

Pregunta 101

Pregunta
The right phrenic nerve
Respuesta
  • is formed mainly by a branch of the fourth cervical spinal nerve
  • is usually the only motor nerve of the right side of the diaphragm
  • is entirely a motor nerve
  • is lateral to the superior vena cava
  • is posterior to the suprascapular artery

Pregunta 102

Pregunta
The pleura
Respuesta
  • has the same surface markings as the lungs
  • is wholly innervated by both the intercostal and phrenic nerves
  • does not extend into the fissures of the lung
  • extends upwards into the neck above the medial third of the clavicle
  • is grooved in its uppermost part by the subclavian artery

Pregunta 103

Pregunta
The left vagus nerve
Respuesta
  • passes behind the root of the lung
  • enters the thorax medial to the left common carotid artery
  • is anterior to the left brachiocephalic (innominate) vein
  • is superficial to the phrenic nerve as they cross the arch of the aorta
  • in its thoracic part contains only motor nerve fibres

Pregunta 104

Pregunta
The right coronary artery
Respuesta
  • arises from the anterior aortic sinus
  • fibres between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk
  • supplies the right atrium
  • gives off a posterior intraventricular branch
  • takes part in the blood supply of the sinu-atrial node

Pregunta 105

Pregunta
The trachea
Respuesta
  • usually bifurcates at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebra
  • has deep cardiac plexus anterior to its bifurcation
  • has in the neck the reccurent laryngeal nerves posterior to its lateral borders
  • contains complete rings of hyaline cartilage
  • contains complete rings of circular smooth muscle

Pregunta 106

Pregunta
With the heart in its usual position in the body
Respuesta
  • the left ventricle forms most of the anterior surface
  • the right border is formed by the right atrium
  • no part of the left atrium can be seen on its anterior aspect
  • the pulmonary artery lies anterior and to the right of the ascending aorta
  • the apex lies approximately in the fifth left intercostal space 8cm from the midline

Pregunta 107

Pregunta
The oesophagus
Respuesta
  • begins at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
  • enters the abdomen at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra
  • is crossed anteriorly by the thoracic duct
  • is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • has an outer longitudinal coat consisting, along its whole length, of striated muscle

Pregunta 108

Pregunta
Parasympathetic nerves in the thorax
Respuesta
  • cause contraction ofthe muscle in the lung
  • supply sensory fibres to the lung
  • are secretomotor to the oesophagus
  • cause the longitudinal muscle of the oesophagus to relax
  • supply sensory fibres to the pericardium

Pregunta 109

Pregunta
The following elements are part of posterior mediastinum:
Respuesta
  • esophagus
  • aorta thoracica
  • trachea and its bifurcation
  • phrenic nerve
  • ductus thoracicus

Pregunta 110

Pregunta
The following elements are part of middle mediastinum:
Respuesta
  • aorta ascendens
  • aortic arch
  • truncus pulmonalis
  • n. vagus
  • lower half of the superior vena cava

Pregunta 111

Pregunta
The following elements are part of the root of the lung:
Respuesta
  • a. pulmonalis
  • superior vena cava
  • vv. pulmonales
  • n. phrenicus
  • main bronchus

Pregunta 112

Pregunta
Match each numbered term with the most proper lettered one A. Medial Cord (Fasciculus medialis) [blank_start]2[blank_end], [blank_start]5[blank_end], [blank_start]6[blank_end], [blank_start]7[blank_end] B. Lateral cord (Fasciculus lateral) [blank_start]1[blank_end], [blank_start]4[blank_end] C. Posterior Cord (Fasciculus posterior) [blank_start]3[blank_end], [blank_start]8[blank_end] 1. Musculotaneous nerve 2. Ulnar nerve 3. Radial nerve 4. Lateral root of the median nerve 5. Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm 6. Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm 7. Medial root of the median nerve 8. Axillary nerve
Respuesta
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 7
  • 8
  • 7
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 8
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 8
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

Pregunta 113

Pregunta
Regarding the three parts of the axillary artery match the part and the branches A. in trigonum clavipectoralis (first part) [blank_start]2[blank_end], [blank_start]5[blank_end] B. in trigonum pectorale (second part) [blank_start]3[blank_end] C. in trigonum subpectorale (third part) [blank_start]1[blank_end], [blank_start]4[blank_end], [blank_start]6[blank_end] 1. Anterior humeral circumflex a. 2. Thoraco-acromial a. 3. lateral thoracic a. 4. Posterior humeral circumflex a. 5. Superior thoracic a. 6. Subscapular a.
Respuesta
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 6
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 6
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5

Pregunta 114

Pregunta
A. lnfraclavicular region [blank_start]2[blank_end] B. Mammary region [blank_start]1[blank_end] C. Axilla [blank_start]3[blank_end] 1. Between 3rd and 6th ribs 2. Between clavicle and 3rd rib 3. Between ant. and post. axillary lines
Respuesta
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2

Pregunta 115

Pregunta
Which of the following A to F is. associated with 1 to 6? A. Beginning of brachiocephalic (innominate) vein [blank_start]4[blank_end] B. Division of trachea [blank_start]3[blank_end] C. Inferior vena cava enters thorax [blank_start]2[blank_end] D. Right atrioventricular orifice [blank_start]6[blank_end] E. Esophagus enters abdominal cavity [blank_start]1[blank_end] F. None of these [blank_start]5[blank_end] 1. Level of tenth thoracic vertebra 2. Level of eight thoracic vertebra 3. Manubriosternal joint 4. Sternoclavicular joint 5 . Seventh costal cartilage 6. Fourth costal cartilage
Respuesta
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 6
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 6

Pregunta 116

Pregunta
Which of the following A to F is commonly used for the surface marking of 1 to 6? A. Fourth right costal cartilage [blank_start]4[blank_end] 8. Fifth left intercostal space [blank_start]1[blank_end] C. Body of sternum [blank_start]2[blank_end] D. Fourth left costal cartilage [blank_start]6[blank_end] E. Manubriosternal joint [blank_start]3[blank_end] F. None of these [blank_start]5[blank_end] 1. Apex of heart 2. Valves of heart 3. Division of trachea 4. Horizontal (transverse) fissure of lung 5. Cardiac notch 6. Arch of aorta
Respuesta
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 6
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 6

Pregunta 117

Pregunta
Match the anatomical region on the right with the appropriate element on the left: A. Thymus [blank_start]1[blank_end] B. N. Splanchnicus major [blank_start]4[blank_end] C. A. Facialis [blank_start]5[blank_end] D. Ligg. Sternopericardiaca [blank_start]2[blank_end] E. Aorta Ascendens [blank_start]3[blank_end] 1. Mediastinum superius 2. Mediastinum anterius 3. Mediastinum medius 4. Mediastinum posterius 5. Trigonum submandibulare
Respuesta
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5

Pregunta 118

Pregunta
Match the anatomical region on the left with the appropriate element on the right: A. Superior mediastinum [blank_start]5[blank_end] B. Anterior mediastinum [blank_start]1[blank_end] C. Root of the lung [blank_start]4[blank_end] D. Middle mediastinum [blank_start]2[blank_end] E. Posterior mediastinum [blank_start]3[blank_end] 1. Sternopericardiac ligaments 2. Left auricle 3. Esophagus 4. Pulmonary artery 5. Thymus
Respuesta
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5

Pregunta 119

Pregunta
Match the anatomical region on the left with the most appropriate element on the right: A. Superior mediastinum [blank_start]2[blank_end] B. Anterior mediastinum [blank_start]4[blank_end] C. Root of the lung [blank_start]1[blank_end] D. Middle mediastinum [blank_start]5[blank_end] E. Posterior mediastinum [blank_start]3[blank_end] 1. Bronchus principalis 2. Arcus aortae 3. N. splanchnicus major 4. A. thoracica interna 5. Aorta ascendens
Respuesta
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 5
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 3
  • 1
  • 2
  • 4
  • 5
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