Ch 1 Anatomy

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Intro To:

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy: The field of study that describes the locations, appearances, and relationships of body parts.  Physiology: The discipline explaining the mechanisms that operate body activities 

Directional Terms

Superior

Toward the head end or upper or upper part of the body  Example: The head is superior to the neck 

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Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body Example: The neck is inferior to the head 

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Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front or the belly side Example: The eyes are on the anterior side of the head 

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Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back  Example: The vertebral column (backbone) extends down the posterior side of the body 

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Medial

Toward the midline, which is an imaginary line that extends vertically down the middle of the front outside surface of the body Example: The nose is medial to the ears 

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Lateral

Away from the midline Example: The ears are lateral to the nose 

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Superficial (external)

Toward the surface of the body  Example: The location of the of the skin is superficial to the muscles 

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Deep (internal)

Inward from the surface of the body  Example: The heart lies deep to the rip cage 

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Proximal

Toward a structure's origin or the point of attachment to the trunk  Example: The upper arm is proximal to the wrist

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Distal

Away from a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk  Example: The Knee is distal to the thigh 

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Body Planes

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Level of Organization

Cells Tissues Organ Organ Systems Organisms 

Body Regions

Head

Face and Cranium 

Neck

Anterior neck Posterior neck 

Trunk

Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Back 

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Upper Appendages

Shoulder Axilla (armpit) Brachium (upper arm) Elbow  Antebrachium (Forearm) Carpus (Wrist) Manus (Hand) Palm Digits 

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Lower Appendages

Gluteus (Buttock) Femorus (Thigh) Knee Crus (Leg) Tarsus (Ankle) Pes (Foot) Sole Digits 

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Body Cavities

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DOrsal Cavity: Cranial Cavity & Vertebral Cavity  Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity & Abdominopelvic Cavity  Thoracic Cavity: Pleural Cavity & Pericardial Cavity ​​​​​​​Abdominopelvic: Abdominal Cavity & Pelvic Cavity