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Pregunta | Respuesta |
type vs trait approach | -Personality traits exist on a ‘continuum’, whereas Types are argued to describe all of an individual’s behaviour -Nomothetic (Type) = creating group personality norms, and placing individuals into these norms (e.g. horoscopes). -Idiographic (Trait) = describing the variables specific to each individual, with infinite numbers of possibilities. |
galen and kants 4 humours | -Hippocrates described physical illness as being due to an imbalance of bodily fluids (humors) -Balanced humors = balanced temperament. -Imbalance = physical and mental illness. -Kant- strength of feeling and level of activity = personality type |
galen | melancholic- depressed/anxious choleric- anger phlegmatic- calm sanguine-confident |
kant | melancholic- weak feelings choleric- high activity phlegmatic- low activity sanguine- strong feelings |
Gall & Phrenology | -Gall developed Phrenology – the first ‘scientific’ theory of personality. ‘Phren’ = mind; ‘logos’ = study. |
Phrenology | -Different areas of the brain are active when we are performing different tasks. -Argued that different parts of the brain do different things. -Sizes of the brain area are meaningful and can be inferred by bumps on the skull. |
example | -a prominent protuberance in the forehead at the position linked to the organ of Benevolence was meant to indicate that the individual had a "well developed" organ of Benevolence -therefore benevolent |
jungs personality types | -Saw patients, and gave both an Adlerian and Freudian explanation of their issues. Suggested there are two ‘types’ of people: -Extraverts (like Freud) -Introverts (like himself and Adler) -These ‘types’ are consistent – do not change over time. |
4 approaches | -Sensing: simply experience stimuli. -Thinking: reason and logic to understand stimuli. -Feeling: evaluates the worth of something. -Intuitive: relate to world using hunches |
introverts vs extraverts | extra: Sensing: act rather than think, pleasure-seeking and sociable. intro: Sensing: sensitive, overreact to external stimuli. |
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) | -Has been shown to predict certain behaviours (more later). -Similar to Jung’s work, MBTI suggests we have four potentially opposing ‘preferences’: |
preferences | extraversion-introversion> how one re-energises sensing-intuiting> how one gathers info thinking-feeling>how one makes decisions judging-percieving>how one orients to the outside world |
uses | -MBTI used by 89 of the richest 100 USA companies -2.5 million administrations, 40% of which in organisational training. -Used for stress-reduction training sessions. |
evidence | -Extraverts – more likely to work in sales (Sundberg, 1965). -Higher intuitive – greater creativity and innovation at work (Berr et al., 2000). |
Critique of the MBTI | -A lot Jung’s theory (e.g. psychic energy) is based in the unconscious, making it impossible to measure. -Can all of human kind be represented by just 16 personality ‘types’? low eco valiidty |
TYPE A AND B PERSONALITY THEORY: TYPE A | -Extreme competitiveness -Achievement striving -Aggressiveness which is sometimes repressed -Frequent and intense anger -restless |
TYPE A AND B PERSONALITY THEORY: TYPE B | -appropriate autonomy -low motive for type A characteristics |
Friedman and Rosenman (1957) | -made two key observations. -Risk factors don’t explain morbidity and mortality. -Men with CVD demonstrated certain behaviours related to CVD development. -Described these as Type A Behaviour Pattern (TABP) -Type B Behaviour Pattern (TBBP) is healthy personality. |
TABP | -action-emotion complex. -it describes how these individuals react behaviourally and emotionally to environmental cues. -There are different sub-components to TABP. -Which means the TABP can be measured and therefore investigated. |
Lacher (1993) | -Lachar (1993) systematic review identified five types of study providing support for or against TABP. -Found more evidence for its existence than against |
Evidence for: Subcomponents | -The ‘core’ features of TABP best predict CVD. -Chida and Steptoe (2009) meta-analysis supported these findings. |
Evidence against: CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) & High Risk | -Research looking at CAD and TABP inconsistent findings. -Those at risk of developing CVD no more likely of becoming ill than those with TABP (Shekelle et al., 1985). |
Type C Personality | -Known as the ‘Cancer-Prone Personality Type’, is a later development of Types A and B theory -Originally, this was researched with those recovering from cancer. -Characterised by extreme extraversion and low neuroticism. |
evaluation | Hansen et al. (2005) large study, no evidence for neuroticism and extraversion. Other factors predict development better than Type C personality. E.g. Achat et al. (2000) |
Type D Personality | -‘Distressed’ personality type characterised by high negative affect and social inhibition (Denollet et al., 1995) |
evidence | -Type D have poorer disease progression and quality of life, increased depression and anxiety (Pederson and Denollet, 2006). -Type D’s with CVD more likely to die early (Denollet, 2005). |
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