NASM Chapter 5 Human Movement Science Vocab

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Biomechanics	The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the effects produced by theses forces.
Superior	Positioned above a point of reference.
Inferior	Positioned below a point of reference.
Proximal	Positioned nearest the center of the body, or the point of reference.
Distal	Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or point of reference.
Anterior (or Ventral)	On the front of the body.
Posterior (or Dorsal)	On the back of the body.
Medial	Positioned near the middle of the body.
Lateral	Positioned toward the outside of the body.
Contralateral	Positioned on the opposite side of the body.
Ipislateral	Positioned on the same side of the body.
Anatomic Position	The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward. The anatomic position is of importance is anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature. Anatomic terms such as anterior and posterior, medial, and lateral, and abduction and adduction apply to the body when it is in the anatomic position.
Sagittal Plane	An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Flexion	A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension	A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension	Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Frontal Plane	An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves.
Abduction	A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Adduction	Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.
Transverse Plane	An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Internal Rotation	Rotation of the joint toward the middle of the body.
External Rotation	Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Horizontal Abduction	Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal Adduction	Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Scapular Retraction	Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular Protraction	Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from midline.
Scapular Depression	Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular Elevation	Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.
Eccentric Muscle Action	An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
Concentric Muscle Action	When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscles.
Isometric Muscle Action	When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
Isokinetic Muscle Action	When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion.
Force	An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
Length- Tension Relationship	The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force-Couple	Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint.
Rotary Motion	Movement of the bones around the joints.
Torque	A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
Motor Behavior	Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor Control	How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor Learning	Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor Development	The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Muscle Synergies	Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Proprioception	The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.
Sensorimotor Integration	The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Feedback	The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning.
Internal Feedback	The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
External Feedback	Information provided by some external source, such as health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

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