Unit 2 Chapter 8 Study Guide

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Define chemical pathways: Catabolism, Metabolic pathways that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
Define chemical pathways: Anabolism Metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones
What are components (B-vitamins) of NAD? Niacin–containing coenzyme
What are components (B-vitamins) of FAD? Riboflavin–containing coenzyme
Name the major metabolic hormones Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine and the Thyroid Hormone
What is Insulin's function? Attaches to special receptors on the cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells which is a signal to glucose transport proteins for glucose transport molecules to pass the monosaccharide across the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm
What is Glucagon's function? Signals liver cells to increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from glucogenic amino acids
What is Cortisol's function? Promotes protein catabolism and stimulates the liver to increase its use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis as a “stress hormone,” because it is secreted in response to a variety of stressful situations
What is Epinephrine's function? Stimulates catabolism by increasing glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, as well as by increasing triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis) in adipose tissue.
What is the Thyroid Hormone's function? Helps the body adapt to different situations by increasing or decreasing the rate of metabolism.
Name the enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
Define Glycolysis and its function First phase of glucose metabolism; Glucose converted into pyruvate
Define Glycogenolysis and its function Energy is needed, no glucose readily available. Glycogen (from liver and muscles) converted into glucose
Define Gluconeogenesis and its function The body can make glucose in the liver. Pyruvate is converted into glucose.
Define Glycogenesis and its function Enables certain cells to store glucose as glycogen.Glucose is converted into glycogen.
Define Lipolysis and its function First phase of fat metabolism.Triglycerides are converted into glycerol and fatty acids and released into the bloodstream.
Define Beta-oxidation and its function Second phase of fat metabolism.Fatty acids are converted into Acetyl CoA
Define Fatty Acid Synthesis and its function Chemical pathway for making fatty acids.Acetyl CoA is converted into fatty acids
Define Lipogenesis and its function Chemical pathway for making fatty acids from glucose.Fatty acids and glycerol are converted into triglycerides
Define Ketogenesis and its function Metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to produce ketone bodies.Excessive amounts of ketone bodies form
Define Ketoacidosis and its function When even LARGER amounts of ketone bodies accumulated in the blood or urine.The body’s pH is lowered to dangerously acidic levels. Will cause loss of consciousness and death.
Define Proteolysis and its function Breaking down proteins into amino acids.Proteins are converted into amino acids
Define Protein Synthesis and its function Making of proteins.Amino acids are converted into proteins
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