Anatomy & physiology

Pregunta	Respuesta
what are the 4 types of anatomical study	1)gross anatomy- large/easily observable 2)histology-study of tissue using microscopy 3)cytology-study of cellular structure & function 4)pathology-study and diagnosis of disease
difference btw anatomy and physiology?	anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function
what are the 12 different system of the body?	1)integumentary 2)skeletal 3)muscular 4)nervous 5)endocrine 6)cardiovascular 7)lymphatic/immune 8)respiratory 9)digestive 10)urinary 11)male repro 12)female repro
what is the integumentary system?	–external covering of the body; provides physical protection; helps regulate body temperature; the skin.
what is the skeletal system?	body’s internal framework; provides support and protection; stores minerals; acts as levers pulled upon by muscles; the bones
what is the muscular system?	–body’s means of movement and manipulation; generates heat; the muscles
what is the nervous system	body’s control center and regulatory system; responsible for consciousness and intelligence; the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
what is the endocrine system?	glands that secrete hormones (chemical messages) into the blood; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, etc.
what is the cardiovascular system	body’s major transport system; heart, blood vessels, and blood.
what is the lymphatic/immune system?	returns fluid to the bloodstream; detects and repels pathogens; lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and more.
what is the respiratory system?	delivers O2 to the blood and removes CO2; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
what is the digestive system?	– transports, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates indigestible remains; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
what is the urinary system?	eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
what is the male reproductive system	produces sperm and testosterone; delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract; testes, penis, vas deferenses, prostate gland, seminal vesicles.
what is the female reproductive system	produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone; receives, retains, and expels the embryo/fetus/infant; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
what are organs	discrete structures that perform specific defined functions and consist of multiple tissues.
what are tissues?	collections of similar cells have a basic function
what are the 4 basic tissues of the body? state their purpose in the body.	1)Epithelial-covers body surfaces and lines body cavities 2)Muscular- provides movement 3)Connective-supports and protects body organs 4) Nervous-controls body functions and allows for communication
what is homeostasis	The maintenance of a stable, optimal internal environment for body cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
what is a negative feedback mechanism(also know as balancing feedback)? example?	the output of the response diminishes the change in the variable. For example, in response to a rise in body temperature, sweat glands increase their production of sweat. Evaporation of the sweat then causes a decrease in body temperature.
what is a positive feeback machanism? Example?	-the output of the response augments the change in the variable. ex. Ferguson reflex during child birth
3 types of fascia & where they are found?	1)superficial-just underneath the skin 2)deep- compartmentalizes the body and surrounds the muscles and viscera 3)subserous- supports organs and provides lubricants
what are the functions of the bones?	a. Bones actively support the weight of the body. b. They protect essential organs like the brain and the lungs. c. They are the levers that are pulled upon by skeletal muscles to create movement. d. They store minerals such as calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO42-). e. They are the site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). f. They provide storage for triglycerides.
what does the exterior and interior of a bone consist of?	exterior- compact bone interior- spongey bone
4 basic types of bones	a. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the appendages (except for the patellae, carpals, and tarsals) are long bones. b. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped. Carpals and tarsals are short bones. c. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones are flat bones. d. Irregular bones have weird shapes that don’t fit the other designations. The vertebrae and hip bones are examples of irregular bones.
3 main types of joints	a.Fibrous joints -lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by dense regular connective tissue. b. Cartilaginous joints- lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by intervening cartilage. c. Synovial joints- have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a connective tissue capsule and the bones are adjoined by ligaments.
6 types of synovial joints	plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.
3 types of movement of a synovial joint	gliding, angular movement, and rotation
what does the endocrine system use for signals?	blood borne chemical messengers; hormones
3 basic functions of the nervous system?	1. Sensory input – it uses sensory receptors to monitor internal and external environments. 2. Integration – it processes sensory information and determines the proper course of action. 3. Motor output – the nervous system enacts a response by an organ/tissue/cell (i.e., an effector) in response to a change in the internal or external environment.
what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?	1. Central nervous system – the brain and the spinal cord. The primary function of the CNS is the integration and processing of information. 2. Peripheral nervous system – the nervous tissue outside of the CNS (i.e., outside of the dorsal body cavity). Spinal nerves carry information between the tissues and the spinal cord while cranial nerves carry information between the tissues and the brain.
what is the PNS subdivided into	1.Sensory afferent division – cells carrying information from sensory receptors to the CNS. 2. Motor efferent division – cells carrying commands from the CNS to the effector organs.
the motor efferent part of the PNS is subdivided into	somatic nervous system- cells sending signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles. autonomic nervous system-cells sending signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
what is the ANS further divided into	-sympathetic division(fight or flight) -parasympathetic division(rest and digest)
what is the primary cell of the nervous system? what does it do?	neuron- It is responsible for sensing information, integrating and processing, and issuing motor commands.

what are the 4 types of anatomical study

1)gross anatomy- large/easily observable 2)histology-study of tissue using microscopy 3)cytology-study of cellular structure & function 4)pathology-study and diagnosis of disease

difference btw anatomy and physiology?

anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function

what are the 12 different system of the body?

1)integumentary 2)skeletal 3)muscular 4)nervous 5)endocrine 6)cardiovascular 7)lymphatic/immune 8)respiratory 9)digestive 10)urinary 11)male repro 12)female repro

what is the integumentary system?

–external covering of the body; provides physical protection; helps regulate body temperature; the skin.

what is the skeletal system?

body’s internal framework; provides support and protection; stores minerals; acts as levers pulled upon by muscles; the bones

what is the muscular system?

–body’s means of movement and manipulation; generates heat; the muscles

what is the nervous system

body’s control center and regulatory system; responsible for consciousness and intelligence; the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

what is the endocrine system?

glands that secrete hormones (chemical messages) into the blood; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, etc.

what is the cardiovascular system

body’s major transport system; heart, blood vessels, and blood.

what is the lymphatic/immune system?

returns fluid to the bloodstream; detects and repels pathogens; lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and more.

what is the respiratory system?

delivers O2 to the blood and removes CO2; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

what is the digestive system?

– transports, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates indigestible remains; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

what is the urinary system?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

what is the male reproductive system

produces sperm and testosterone; delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract; testes, penis, vas deferenses, prostate gland, seminal vesicles.

what is the female reproductive system

produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone; receives, retains, and expels the embryo/fetus/infant; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

what are organs

discrete structures that perform specific defined functions and consist of multiple tissues.

what are tissues?

collections of similar cells have a basic function

what are the 4 basic tissues of the body? state their purpose in the body.

1)Epithelial-covers body surfaces and lines body cavities 2)Muscular- provides movement 3)Connective-supports and protects body organs 4) Nervous-controls body functions and allows for communication

what is homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable, optimal internal environment for body cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

what is a negative feedback mechanism(also know as balancing feedback)? example?

the output of the response diminishes the change in the variable. For example, in response to a rise in body temperature, sweat glands increase their production of sweat. Evaporation of the sweat then causes a decrease in body temperature.

what is a positive feeback machanism? Example?

-the output of the response augments the change in the variable. ex. Ferguson reflex during child birth

3 types of fascia & where they are found?

1)superficial-just underneath the skin 2)deep- compartmentalizes the body and surrounds the muscles and viscera 3)subserous- supports organs and provides lubricants

what are the functions of the bones?

a. Bones actively support the weight of the body. b. They protect essential organs like the brain and the lungs. c. They are the levers that are pulled upon by skeletal muscles to create movement. d. They store minerals such as calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO42-). e. They are the site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). f. They provide storage for triglycerides.

what does the exterior and interior of a bone consist of?

exterior- compact bone interior- spongey bone

4 basic types of bones

a. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the appendages (except for the patellae, carpals, and tarsals) are long bones. b. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped. Carpals and tarsals are short bones. c. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones are flat bones. d. Irregular bones have weird shapes that don’t fit the other designations. The vertebrae and hip bones are examples of irregular bones.

3 main types of joints

a.Fibrous joints -lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by dense regular connective tissue. b. Cartilaginous joints- lack a joint cavity and the bones are linked by intervening cartilage. c. Synovial joints- have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a connective tissue capsule and the bones are adjoined by ligaments.

6 types of synovial joints

plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints, and ball-and-socket joints.

3 types of movement of a synovial joint

gliding, angular movement, and rotation

what does the endocrine system use for signals?

blood borne chemical messengers; hormones

3 basic functions of the nervous system?

1. Sensory input – it uses sensory receptors to monitor internal and external environments. 2. Integration – it processes sensory information and determines the proper course of action. 3. Motor output – the nervous system enacts a response by an organ/tissue/cell (i.e., an effector) in response to a change in the internal or external environment.

what are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

1. Central nervous system – the brain and the spinal cord. The primary function of the CNS is the integration and processing of information. 2. Peripheral nervous system – the nervous tissue outside of the CNS (i.e., outside of the dorsal body cavity). Spinal nerves carry information between the tissues and the spinal cord while cranial nerves carry information between the tissues and the brain.

what is the PNS subdivided into

1.Sensory afferent division – cells carrying information from sensory receptors to the CNS. 2. Motor efferent division – cells carrying commands from the CNS to the effector organs.

the motor efferent part of the PNS is subdivided into

*somatic nervous system- cells sending signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles. *autonomic nervous system-cells sending signals from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

what is the ANS further divided into

-sympathetic division(fight or flight) -parasympathetic division(rest and digest)

what is the primary cell of the nervous system? what does it do?

neuron- It is responsible for sensing information, integrating and processing, and issuing motor commands.

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	Creado por Jerika Poole hace más de 5 años