Vocabulary

Pregunta	Respuesta
Aibiotic Factor	a nonliving condition or thing, as climate or habitat
Accessory Pigments	light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in conjunction with chlorophyll a
Activation Energy	the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Active Transport	Requires energy Goes agains the gradient
Adenine	The "A" in ATCG/AUCG
Adhesion	The binding of a cell to another cell, or a cell to a surface, via specific cell adhesion molecules.
ADP	Abbreviation for adenosine diphosphate, a nucleotide essential in photosynthesis and glycolysis.
Aerobic	Requiring air or oxygen for life or survival, used especially to refer to aerobic bacteria.
Amino Acids	he building block of protein in which each is coded for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds.
Ammonification	the conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by the action of decomposers (bacteria).
Anabolic	(1) The process involving a sequence of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process. (2) A constructive type of metabolism.
Anaerobic	(1) Not requiring, or capable of occurring, in the absence of air or free oxygen. (2) Caused by, or relating to, the lack of molecular oxygen.
Anion	Negatively charged ion
Assimilation	The absorption of nutrients into the body after digestion in the intestine and its transformation in biological tissues and fluids. Assimilation is occurring in every cell of the body to help develop new cells.
Atom	The basic unit of a chemical element
Atomic Mass	the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom
Atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
ATP Synthase	important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organism
Autotroph	an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Biology	The study of life
Biomass	the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume
Biosphere	(1) The part of the earth where living things exist. (2) The part of the earth (or planet) that is capable of supporting life. (3) The living things and their environment. (4) All of the ecosystems of the earth
Biotic Factor	A biotic factor is any living component that affects another organism, including animals that consume the organism in question, and the living food that the organism consumes.
Calvin Cycle Dark Reactions	he cycle of reactions (the Calvin cycle) that occurs in the second phase of photosynthesis and does not require the presence of light. It involves the fixation of carbon dioxide and its reduction to carbohydrate and the dissociation of water, using chemical energy stored in ATP.
Carbohydrate	Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio of 1:2:1, hence the general formula: Cn (H2O) n. Examples include sugar, starch, cellulose and gums.
Carbon Fixation	Adding carbon to RuBP
Carnivore	Eats Other Organism Eats Meats
Carrier Protein	Carrier proteins facilitate the diffusion of different molecules, while channel proteins are involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.
Carrying Capacity	The limited amount of organisms an ecosystem can have
Catabolic	Biochemical reactions that break down molecules in metabolism. Molecules may be broken down to gain their energy or to prepare them for disposal from the body. (Compare anabolism.)
Catalyst	a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
Cation	Positively charged ion
Cell Membrane	the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
Chemiosmiosis	the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
Chorophyll	a green pigment, present in all green plants responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast	a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
Chromosomes	a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Climax Community	a stable community of a diverse number of species
cohesion	The act of the same molecule sticking together
community	a group of organisms living in the same place
Competition	an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both can be a factor.
Competitive Exclusion	two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant.
Concentration Gradient	a measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another. Let's give a few examples.
Condensation Reaction	The conversion of gas to a liquid
Consumer	Organisms that receive their energy from consuming other organisms Heterotrophs
Contractile vacuole	a vacuole that expels excess liquid on contraction.
Control group	Baseline group No treatments
Covalent Bond	A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
Cytolysis	the dissolution or degeneration of cells
Cytoplasm	the cell substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Cytosine	the "C" in ATCG
data	facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
Decomposer	an organism that decomposes organic material
dentrification	Nitrate reduction
Density Dependent Factor	One very important mechanism for regulating population size is density dependence. The density of a population is simply how many organisms are living in a given area. Density-dependent factors are factors where the effects on the size or growth of a population vary with the density of the population itself.
Density Independent Factor	Both living and non-living things can influence the size of a population of organisms. Some things that happen to populations such as disease and parasites depend on the size of the population to be successful at causing destruction.
Deoxyribose	a sugar derived from ribose
detritivore	An animal that feeds on organic material
Difusion	the spreading of something more widely
DNA	the fundamental and distinctive characteristics or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable.
Ecology	The study of organisms and their environments
Ecosystem	a complex network or interconnected system of government
electron	Negatively charged particle in a cells nucleus
Electron Transport Chain	An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
element	A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons.
Endergonic	Absorption of energy
Endocytosis	The taking in or matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
Energy	The ability to do work or produce change
Enzyme	bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Equilibrium	When outside and inside the cell are equal
Eukaryote	Any single cell or multicellular organism
Eutrophication	excessive richness of nutrient in a body of water
Exergonic	The release of energy
Experimental Group	The group that gets treated and recorded
Exponencial Growth	Growth that becomes even more rapid in proportion to the growing of total number or size
Facilitated Diffusion	is the process of spontaneous passive transport
Fatty Acid	a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.
flagella	the tail on a cell
Fluid mosaic model	A model that describes the structure of cell membranes
Food Chain	A series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
Food Web	System of interlocking and interdependent food chains
Gene	a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome
Glucose	Sugar C6H12O6
Grana	Stacks of thylakoids in the storma
ground water	Water beneath the earths surface in soil pore spaces.
Guanine	The "G" in ATGC/AUCG
H+ ions/ Protons	Positively charges materials
Habitat	The natural home or environment of an organism
herbivore	Feeds on plants
Heterotroph	An organsim requiring organic compound for its primary source of food
Histones	any group of basic proteins
Host	a host is an organism that harbors a parasite,
Hydrogen bond	a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
Hydrogen Carrier	Carries or moves hydrogen
Hydrolysis	The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
Hydrophilic	Loves water
Hydrophobic	Afraid of water
Hydroxide ions (OH)	An oxygen and a hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond and carries a negative electric charge.
Hypertonic	when the outside has less stuff than the inside of the cell.
Hypothesis	A set of facts that maybe tested.
Hypotonic	When there's more stuff outside the cell than the inside.
Ion/ ion channel	A molecule with a net electric charge. Selectively permeable to certain ions.
Ionic bond	A bond between a non-metal and a metal.
Isotonic	When the outside and the inside of the cell have the same amount of stuff.
Light Reaction	the reaction that occurs as the first phase of photosynthesis, in which energy in the form of light is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Limiting Factor	It limits the growth the size of a population.
Lipid	Organ compounds that are fatty acids.
Logistic Growth	The growth rate decreases as the population reaches caring capacity.
Macromolecule	A molecule containing a number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or lipid
Metabolism	The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
Mimicry	The close external resemblance of a animal to another animal.
Molecule	A group of atoms bonded together.
Monomer	A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecule to form a polymer.
Monosaccharide	Any class of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.
mRNA	Messager RNA The form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell
tRNA	Transfer RNA RNA molecules present in the cell that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell
rRNA	Ribosomal RNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
Multicellular	Being composed of many cells
Mutualism	a relation that is beneficial to both organisms involved.
NADP+ NADPH	Hydrogen carrier (Brings electrons and energy to the dark reaction) Reduced form of NADP+

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