Bio II Chapters 22-24

Pregunta	Respuesta
Linnaeus	created the binomial term homo-sapiens that is still used to day. Also grouped species that were similar into similar genus, family, etc
Cuvier	developed Paleontology (study of fossils) opposed idea of evolution. He advocated catastrophism (principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present.
Lyell	Uniformitarianism- mechanisms of change are constant over time.
Hutton	proposed Earth's geological features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today. Ex: valleys formed b/c of rivers
Lamarck	published his hypothesis in 1809, the year Darwin was born. By comparing living species with fossil forms. (Use & Disuse)- parts of body that are used a lot become larger & stronger. (Inheritance of acquired characteristics)- organism could pass these traits to its offspring
Adaptations	inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival & reproduction in specific environments.
Natural Selection	process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others because of those traits
Wallace	developed theory of natural selection almost identical to Darwin's.
Origin of Species 3 observations	1. Unity of Life 2. Diversity of Life 3. Match between organisms & enviros
Descent with Modification	Organisms share many characteristics leading Darwin to perceive unity in life.
Artificial Selection	Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits
Malthus	much of human suffering disease, famine, and war-was the inescapable consequence of human population's potential to increase faster than food supplies & other resources
Natural Selection Summary	Process in which individuals that have certain inheritable traits survive and reproduce at higher rate b/c of those traits Natural selection can increase match between organisms and their environment If enviro changes...natural selection may result in adaptation to new enviro (new species)
Homology	Similarity resulting from common ancenstry
Homologous Structures	represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor
Vestigial Structures	remnants or features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors
evolutionary tree	diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
convergent evolution	independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
Analogous	share similar function, but not common ancestry
Biogeography	geographical distribution of species
endemic	species that are found nowhere else in the world
Voyage of the Beagle	gave rise to Darwin's idea that new species originate from ancestral forms through adaptations
Origin of Species	Darwin's hypothesis that evolution happens through natural selection
Support for Evolution	I. MRSA Vaccines II. Organisms share common homology or b/c natural selection convergent effect III. Fossils IV. Evolutionary theory can explain bio geographical patterns
Microevolution	as change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
genetic variations	differences among individuals in the composition of their genes other than DNA segments.
Average Heterozygosity	average percentage of loci that are heterozygous
Discrete characters	determined by a single gene locus with different alleles that produce distinct phenotypes
quantitative characters	usually results from the influence of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
geographic variation	differences in the genetic composition of separate populations
cline	graded change in a character along a geographic axis
population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring
gene pool	consists of all copies of every type of allele at every type of locus in all members of the population.
Hardy Weinberg Principle	the frequencies of alleles & genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work
Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium	I. No mutations II. Random Mating III. No natural selection IV. Extremely large population size V. No gene flow
genetic drift	chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations.
founder effect	When few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population
bottleneck effect	a sudden change in an environment such as fire, flood...may drastically reduce the size of population. Causes this effect...some alleles may be over represented and some may be absent
gene flow	transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
relative fitness	the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Directional Selection	occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting populations frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other
Disruptive Selection	occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
Stabilizing Selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. This mode reduces variation and tends to maintain status quo for particular phenotypic character
sexual selection	form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain mates
intrasexual selection	selection within the same sex, individuals of the same sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
Sexual Dismorphism	difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics
Intersexual Selection	"mate choice" individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex
neutral variation	differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage
Balancing selection	occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population. This type of selection includes heterozygote advantage & frequency-dependent selection
Frequency Dependent Selection	fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

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