Gordon Allport: Trait Theory

Pregunta	Respuesta
Allport's theory & definition of Personality	Trait Theory: the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.
dynamic organization	constantly changing opinions or information
Psychophysical systems	system operating using the body and mind
Character	personality evaluated, not moral judgement
The Raw Materials of Personality	temperament, intelligence, physique
Temperament	the emotional component of the personality
Type	a category in which one person can be placed by another person (aggressive type)
Criteria for an Adequate Personality Theory	1. explained in internal mechanisms rather than external 2. views person as filled with variables that contribute to their actions 3. seeks motives for behavior in present rather than past 4. employs units of measure capable of living synthesis 5. adequately accounts for self awareness
measures living synthesis	describes the whole dynamic person
Trait	a neuropsychic structure that causes a person to consistently respond to similar environmental situations in a similar way.
criterion for a trait	frequency, range of situations, and intensity of reactions
Habit v. Trait	more specific than traits; habit is an activity you do often. A trait synthesizes specific habits. (brushing your teeth vs. being a cleanly person)
Attitude v. Trait	A person has an attitude towards something specifically. Involve evaluation of something being positive or negative. Traits are more general.
Individual Traits	possessed by a particular individual(the unique pattern of traits, not a trait only one person possesses)
Common Traits	traits shared by several individuals.
Idiographic method	study of the individual
Nomothetic Method	Studies groups
Personal Disposition	renders many stimuli functionally equivalent; initiates and guides consistent forms of behavior (similar to definition of trait)
Cardinal Disposition	One word could describe a majority of the person's actions. (Don Juan)
Central Dispositions	A few foci that summarize consistences in the person's behavior. (As in a recommendation letter)
Secondary Dispositions	more specific range of behaviors similar to habits/attitudes, such as preferences of food and clothing.
The Proprium	Organizer of the personality(equivalent to the ego) which evolves over time
Stages of development of the proprium	1. bodily "me" 2. self-identity 3. self-esteem 4. self-extension 5. self-image 6. self as rational coper 7. Propriate Striving 8. self as knower
Development: sense of self-extension	child claims ownership of other things than himself (toys, parents)
Development: Emergence of Self-image	conscience develops/ formulate future goals
Development: Self as Rational Coper	discover thinking is a means to life's problems
Development: Emergence of Propriate Striving	become future-oriented. Create long term goals to give meaning to life.
need reduction	beliefs that people want to accomplish their goals to eliminate need (incorrect to Allport)
need induction	healthy adults create problems by formulating future goals that can be virtually unattainable to give meaning to life.
Development: Self as Knower	(Adulthood) occurs when the self is aware of/unifies/transcends the preceding seven aspects of the self; synthesizes all propriate functions
must conscience	evolves out of parental restrictions and fear of punishment.
ought conscious	tied to proprium striving. Things you ought to do to succeed/ follow moral compass
Functional Autonomy	theory of motivation: tensions involved currently are not the same as the tensions from which the system developed.
Criterion for a Theory of Motivation	1. recognize contemporary nature of motives 2. allow for the existence of several types of motives 3. recognize importance of cognitive processes( conscious) 4. recognize each person's unique pattern of motivation
Perserverative Functional Autonomy	repetitious activities blindly engaged in that once served a purpose but no longer do.
Principles of Propriate Functional Autonomy	1. Organizing energy level (energy unused, used for striving) 2. Mastery & Competence (drive induction) 3. Propriate Patterning (all motives compatible with the proprium)
Allport focused on:	The healthy adult, individuality, the human element
Characteristics of a Healthy Adult	1. self-extension 2. warm human interaction 3. emotional security/ self-acceptance 4. realistic perceptions 5. self-objectification 6. unifying philosophy of life
Capacity for self-extension	participate in a wide range of events/activities. Tend to be politically/religiously involved.
emotional security	healthy adults have the tolerance necessary to accept the conflicts and frustrations inevitable in life.
self-objectification	healthy adults have an accurate picture of their own assets and liabilities
Motives and growth of an unhealthy person	Growth is stunted. Motives lie in the past. Can be helped by new experiences
Prejudice	pre-judging something positively or negatively independently of facts
Extrinsic religion	unhealthy religion that favors only it's members, divides the believer from others
Intrinsic religion	healthy, encourages identification with all humanity. Directs the course of a person's life and development
Letters from Jenny	Personal documents analyzed over a woman's lifetime were used to judge what her traits were. Used factor analysis to isolate 8 factors of her behavior.
Expressive Behavior	things observed of a person's facial expression, walking style, speech mannerisms, handwriting
Scale of Values	1. Theoretical (search for truth) 2. Economic (pragmatic/relevance of knowledge) 3. Aesthetic (artistic) 4. Social (relationships) 5. Political ( attaining power) 6. Religious (seeks unity)
Concept of Humanity	Culture over biology, uniqueness, free choice, teleology, optimism, conscious systems
Circularity	traits describe and explain behavior. if someone acts a way in one situation, it cannot be said that the behavior is common for other situations. (suspicious once, not necessarily a suspicious person)

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