AP NSL Chapter 3

Pregunta	Respuesta
Federalism	A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people.
Unitary Governments	A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government.
Intergovernmental relations	The workings of the federal system
Supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution. Makes national laws, the Constitution, and treaties supreme over state laws.
Tenth Amendment	Constitution amendment saying that all powers not given to the national government will be given to the states.
McCulloch v. Maryland	Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national govenmnet over state govenments.
Enumerated powers	Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution
Implied powers	Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution.
Elastic clause	Final paragraph of Article 1, Section 8. Authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.
Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8.
Full faith and credit	A clause of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by other states
Extradition	A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.
Privileges and immunities	A clause in the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states.
Dual federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.
Cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.
Devolution	The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.
Fiscal federalism	The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone for the national government's relations with state and local governments.
Categorical grants	Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or "categories," if state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as non discriminate provisions.
Project grants	Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis on the merits of applications.
Formula grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.
Block grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or comm unites to support broad programs in areas.
Mandates	Requirements that direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant.
Unfunded mandates	Congress passes a law creating financial obligations but provides no funds to meet the obligation.

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