Anthropology Chapter 10, 11, and 12

Pregunta	Respuesta
Play	A framing ( or orienting context) this is (1) consciously adopted by the players (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is non-play by alluding to the non-play world and by transforming the object, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristics of the non=play world.
Metacomminucation	Communication about the communication itself
Framing	a cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "PLAY" or as "ORDINARY LIFE"
Art	Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation.
Myths	Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of the myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works.
Orthodoxy	" Correct Doctrine" the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts.
Ritual	A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of a dance, song, speech, gestures or the manipulation of objects adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded with myth.
Right of Passage	A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
Liminality	The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the persons or person undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions.
Communitas	An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.
Orthopraxy	"Correct Practice"; the prohibition of deviation from approved form of ritual behavior.
World Views	Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of society.
Religion	Ideas and Practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses.
Shaman	A part-time religious practioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals and groups.
Priest	A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group
Witch Craft	The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate , nonhuman power to do evil whether it is intentional or self aware.
Magic	A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible of the invisible world for specific purposes.
Oracles	Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful.
Nativism	A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony.
Revitalization	A conscience, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.
Syncretism	A synthesis of old religious practices ( or an old way of life) with a new religious practices ( or a new way of life) introduced from outside often by force.
Social Organization	The patterning of human independence in a given society through the actions and decision of its members.
Economic Anthropology	The part of the discipline of Anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.
Institutions	Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life.
Neoclassical Economic Theory	A formal attempt to explain the working of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution.
Capitolism	An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "MARKET"; an entire way of life the grew in response to and in service of that market.
Status	A particular social position in a group.
Gift Exchanges	A non-capitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require a return gift.
Commodity Exchanges	Impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash and exchange partners need have nothing to do with one another.
Modes of Exchange	Patterns according to which distribution takes place; reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
Reciprocity	The exchange of goods and services of equal value. Anthropologist distinguish three forms of reciprocity; generalized, in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified; balanced , in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit; and negative, in which parties to the exchange hope to get something for nothing.
Redistribution	A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contribution from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member.
Market Exchange	The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of multipurpose medium of exchange and standard to value (money) and carried out by means of supply-demand-price mechanism (the market).
Labor	The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; from the point of view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always a social labor.
Mode of Production	A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.
Mode of Production	The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature.
Relations of Production	The social relations inking people who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production.
Classes	Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is well defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
Consumption	The using up of goods necessary for human survival.
Affluence	The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.
Power	Transformative capacity; the ability to transform a given situation
Political Anthropology	The study of power in human society.
Free Angency	The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance.
Ideology	A world view that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.
Domination	Coercive Rule
Hegemony	The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that never the less preserve the ruler's privileged position.
Biopower	Forms of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself.
Governmentality	The art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of population within a state.

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	Creado por Tracie Irvin hace casi 11 años