Language and Context (WIP)

Pregunta	Respuesta
LEXIS	- All the words of a language & the manner in which those words can be combined
TABLOID NEWSPAPERS	- "The popular press" - Aimed at working class - Bold layout & short headlines - Big pictures - Puns in headlines - Features gossip, celebrity news & human-interest stories - Sensationalist - Usually has an angle that matches with their readership's personal opinions
LEXIS OF TABLOID NEWSPAPERS	- Simple, direct - Often colloquial - Dramatic, sensational, forceful language - Emotional lexis - Informal lexis - Apparent bias - Individuals referred to as though familiar - Idioms
BROADSHEET NEWSPAPERS	- "The quality press" - Aimed at middle to upper class - Plainer layout - smaller pictures & longer headlines - Longer, detailed articles - Sometimes has an angle matching with their readership - Deeper focus on international news and politics
LEXIS OF BROADSHEET NEWSPAPERS	Complex, sophisticated, polysyllabic (words with 4 or more syllables) - Formal, factual, informative - Modifiers (an optional element in a phrase, usually adjective/adverb) provide information not emotion - Bias is subtle - Formal reference to individuals
NEWSPAPERS: Hard news	- Typically thought of in terms of important people, important issues, & important events (with “important” being defined by those in power)
NEWSPAPERS: Soft News	- Unimportant, inessential stuff of daily life. - Defined as information that is primarily entertaining or personally useful
GRAPHOLOGY	- Study of written and printed symbols and writing systems
GRAPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF NEWSPAPERS	- BYLINE: text crediting the writer - STAND-FIRST: introductory material separated from the main article - REVERSE-OUT: when white print is used on a black background - DROP LETTER: letter dropped down to extend over two or three lines - CAPTION: words underneath a picture - PULL QUOTE: large emboldened quote from the article
TYPES OF NEWSPAPER HEADLINES	- MASTHEADS: title at the head of the first or editorial page - BANNER HEADLINE: main headline, usually at top of page extending across the width - STRAP-LINE: additional headline above the main headline - SUB-HEADLINE: subsidiary headline below the main headline
NOUNS	- Can be singular or plural - Most plurals end in -s - Has possessive ending if apostrophe followed by "s" added to show something belongs to a noun - Proper, common, abstract, concrete, collective
PROPER NOUNS	- Usually begin with a capital letter - Refer to specific people & places - E.g. London, Venus, Kit
COMMON NOUNS	- Less specific - Refer to types of people, places, feelings - Come after the/a/an - E.g. woman, cat, coffee - Can be subdivided into concrete, abstract & collective
CONCRETE, ABSRACT AND COLLECTIVE NOUNS	- Subdivisions of common nouns - Concrete are things that physically exist (e.g. cat, girl) - Abstract are things that don't physically exist (e.g. disgust, boredom) - Collective refer to groups of people, animals or objects (e.g. pack, family)
PRONOUNS	- Words that take the place of nouns - E.g. I, me, she, he, you, it, that, they, each)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS	- Replace the subject or the object - I and he are examples of pronouns used to refer to the subject - Me and him are examples of pronouns used to refer to the object - “I drove HIM home” - “He thanked ME for the lift”
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	- Show possession - Instead of saying “this is Sarah’s” we might say “this is HERS” - Can also be called determiners when the possessive pronoun precedes the noun. - E.g. “HER cat”
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS	- Indicate that the object of a verb is the same as the subject - Easily recognisable because they end in –self or –selves - “He congratulated HIMSELF”
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS	- Have a sense of pointing at something or someone - This, that, these, those - If any of these four words is placed in front of a noun, then it becomes the determiner ( e.g. "I hate THIS job”)
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS	- Don't refer to a specific person or thing - E.g. someone, anything, no-one, everything
RELATIVE PRONOUNS	- Act like linking words in a sentence - Like other pronouns in that they refer to nouns & they are always placed immediately after the noun that they refer to - “A city THAT has many attractions” - E.g. who, whom, whose, which and that
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS	- Used when asking a question - Who, whose, which & what - “WHO said that?” - WHAT do you want?”
CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS	- Conjunctions join together different parts of a sentence - Co-ordinating conjunctions used when the parts of the sentence to be joined are of equal value - F.A.N.B.O.Y.S: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So - "I went to the party AND met Kit there"
SUBORDINATING CONJUCTIONS	- Conjunctions join together different parts of a sentence - Subordinating conjunctions connect a subordinate clause to a main clause - Subordinate clauses need a main clause in order to make sense. - E.g. because, although, unless, until. - "I went to the party BECAUSE I was meeting Kit there"
PREPOSITIONS	- Usually indicate how one thing is related to another - E.g. prepositions relating to position (at, on, opposite), direction (into, past, to) & time (before, during, after) - Shows the relationship between the noun that comes after it & something else in that sentence - "I spoke to the man AT the reception desk."
DETERMINERS	- Precede nouns & refer directly to them - Most common are THE (definite article), A/AN (indefinite article) - Other determiners include possessive determiners (my, our, yours, his, theirs) & demonstrative determiners (this, that, these, those) - Can refer to quantity (one, two, three, some, few, many)
LEXICAL FIELDS	- Groups of words with associated meanings and uses - E..g. the lexical field for cat may contain: Fur, claw, animal, purr, whisker, paw, predator, feline
SEMANTICS	- Refers to the study of meaning & how meaning is created within texts - When discussing semantics, you need to consider the connotation and the denotation of the word(s)
DENOTATION	- Literal/primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests - E.g. the primary meaning of the word snake is: “any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles.”
CONNOTATION	- Idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning - E.g. the word snake evokes ideas of cunning and danger
HYPONYMS & HYPERNYMS	- Describe the type-of relationships between words - E.g. Red: vermillion, ruby, scarlet - In this example, red is the hypernym and vermillion, ruby and scarlet are its hyponyms
SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS	SYNONYMS: words that are similar in meaning - E.g. horror, trepidation & dread are synonyms of fear ANTONYMS: words whose meanings are some way opposite to each other - E.g. excitement & nervous are antonyms of calm
IDIOMS	- Group of words/phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning - E.g. "A blessing in disguise" = something seemingly bad at first turns out to be good
CLICHES	- An over-used expression - E.g. “At the end of the day”
HYBERBOLE	- Gross exaggeration - E.g. “I’ve told you a thousand times”
SIMILES & METAPHORS	- SIMILES: Comparing two things using LIKE or AS, e.g. "proud as a peacock" - METAPHORS: Word/phrase used to describe something as if it were something else, e.g. "A wave of terror washed over him."
CONTRACTIONS	- Combining two or more words in a shortened form - Usually contains an apostrophe - E.g. "she'd" is a contraction of "she" and "had"

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	Creado por Evelyn Widdrington-Fox hace alrededor de 1 año