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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| What happened to the old Weimar institutions? | They were destroyed by Hitler. All opposition parties had been eliminated, individual rights withdrawn, the Reichstag's control over the government ended, all the major offices of state concentrated into the hands on one man, the Führer. |
| What kind of parallel institutions were set up? | Democracy had been superseded by dictatorship and institutionalized terror. One trend was the revolutionary activism of the Nazi movement and the other was the persistence of traditional institutions and structures. |
| Who was the supreme leader? | The Führer, Adolf Hitler. |
| What happened at a local level? | Two main types of authority jostled for power. The first type compromised the traditional authorities, under the Minister-President of each state. Meanwhile, the second type was based more directly on the party. |
| Why did Hitler do this (local level issue)? | There are two broad explanations for this: 1. The 'intentionalists' argue that Hitler deliberately set his institutions and officials against each other in order to maintain his own position as the only one who could manoeuvre between them. 2. 'Structuralists' or 'functionalists' stress that any chaos was entirely unintended and that it resulted from confusion and neglect. |
| What kind of legal system did Hitler want? | Hitler disliked the "liberal" and "formalistic" elements of legal theory and insisted that the basis should be "healthy, Nazi-popular feeling" and "welfare of the national community" would lead to more attention on social influences. |
| Describe the power of the Gestapo and the SS. | The Gestapo was founded in 1933 and was the secret police of the Nazi regime. In 1936, the Basic Gestapo Law put the Gestapo above the law officially. The SS was formed in 1925 and penetrated the army; and took over from the SA. The SA was the organization of the concentration camps. The SS was therefore directly involved in the mass extermination program and working to death of "anti-social elements" including people such as the Jews. The SS were very instrumental. |
| The Nazi regime was based on terror. Between 1933-1945 800.000 Germans were arrested for resistance. There is a revisionist view concerning the effectiveness of the Gestapo. What does it say? | Recent views have stressed that the reputation of the Gestapo is a myth which derives from its own propaganda. Historians, such as Mallman and Paul argue that the Gestapo was insufficiently equipped to carry out its directives and that it had to rely on information volunteered by members of the public. |
| Two different areas were made to control informations. What two areas? | 1. Increase the power of the Ministry of Education over the states (so called, "Länder") to remove the possible threat of local particularism to the achievement of educational conformity. 2. A new Ministry for People's Enlightenment and Propaganda in 1933. |
| What was done to education? | The Reich Ministry for Education was established in 1934. The curriculum was changed, making history, P.E. and biology more important at the expense of the sciences. Membership in the Nazi Teachers Association was compulsory. Teachers were recruited for their ideological reliability. Universities were deprived of their "senate" authority and the state controlled appointments of rectors. |
| Explain the Youth Movement and its' effectiveness. | Boys joined the Deutsches Jungvolk (DJ) at the age of 10, proceeding at 14 into Hitlerjugend (HJ). Similarly, girls entered the Jugendmädelbund (JM) at 10 and the Bund Deutscher Madel (BDM) at 14. The whole system began to lose the edge of its initial appeal as it came to be seen as part of a new establishment and eventually as merely a nursery for military mobilization. The youth met twice a month and were committed to the regime, but the movement wasn't very effective. 90% of all youths had joined. |
| How was radio used? | The Nazis gave priority to the radio since this increased the impression of personal contact between people and their leader, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the Führer cult. The ownership of radio sets increased for 25% of households in 1932 to 70% by 1939, the largest proportion anywhere in the world. Reich Broadcasting Corporation was established control of by the regime in 1933. |
| Who was Leni Riefenstahl? | Riefenstahl was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress and dancer, who was widely known for directing the Nazi propaganda film "Triumph of the Will". Triumph of the Will gave Riefenstahl instant and lasting international fame, as well as infamy. In Nazi Germany she was the most outstanding filmmaker. |
| How was the press controlled? | State-owned newspapers increased from 2.5% of the total to 82% between 1933 and 1945. The German News Agency, or DNB, provided regulations for the presentation of news and all journalists were made responsible to the state rather than to their editors (Reich Press Law). |
| What happened to literature and art? | Literature was heavily affected by preventive censorship. This involved book-burning sessions, mobilized by the SA, and the removal of over 2500 German authors from the approved lists. Painters painted pictures reflecting women as mothers and home-minders, and of men in variety of martial roles. |
| What happened to the Protestant Church? What was the Confessional Church? | The Protestant Church was centralized to a "Reich Church" in 1933 under the control of the Nazi Reich Bishop Müller. One sect, the German Christians, combined Christian beliefs with racism and Führer worship. In opposition to the nazification, pastor Niemüller founded the Confessional Church, which the majority of the priests joined - this organization was never nazified. It was outlawed in 1937/38. |
| What happened to the Catholic Church? | The Concordat Law (1933) was an agreement between the state and the Church (Rome). The church was reached promising freedom of worship, protection from schools, et cetera. In return, the church promised to withdraw from political life. The church was never really nazified, and in 1937 the Pope issued the "Deep Anxiety" encyclical, going against the Nazi regime. |
| Did the regime nazify the church? | The clergy managed to maintain a considerable influence and there was no significant nazification of the church. However, the church never challenged the Nazi regime. |
| How did the Nazis gain support from the industrialists and the army? | * Industrialists: Rearmament, fear of communism and cooperation number of monopoly (they were satisfied). * Army: Rearmament, resentment from WWI and the wish to make Germany great again. Success in foreign policy, the Rhineland remilitarized, the Night of the Long Knives and the Anschluss (Austria) and Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) taken in 1938. |
| How did the Nazis gain support from the working class and the farmers? | * Working class: Unemployment in 1932 was 6.2 million an in 1938/39 this number had substantially reduced to 200.000. They gained employment, but lost political power, such as unions. Real wages was lost and/or reduced. * Farmers: Protective tariffs and debts cancelled (didn't have to pay interests). The Hereditary Law made it impossible for larger companies to buy smaller ones. |
| Bracher concludes that the Nazis never developed a consistent economic or social theory (like Marx). What kind of basic thoughts did Hitler have which influenced his economic policy? | First, Hitler aimed to create an autarkic system which would enable Germany to sustain a broader hegemony within Europe. He intended, second, to target the lands to the East. Third, since this inevitably involved expansion - and therefore conflict, the economic infrastructure would have to accommodate a considerable increase in military expenditures. But, fourth, he needed the support of Germans, such as not risking their living standards in any quests for military supremacy. He wanted genuine support for his regime. |
| What four stages did the German economy go through, according to Lee? | 1. 1933-1936: The state moved into a program of job creation to reduce the levels of unemployment while, at the same time, seeking to control wages and eliminate trade union powers (partial fascism). 2. 1936-1940: The second economic phase opened with the introduction of the "Four Year Plan". The basic purpose of the Plan was to achieve self-sufficiency/autarky, in both agriculture and industry. 3. 1939-1941: Blitzkrieg or "lightning war"; the means whereby Germany could achieve military victory over its neighbors without mobilizing its economic resources to the full. 4.1941-1945: Invasion of the Soviet Union - total war. The German economy was now pushed to its limit. War production came under the control of Albert Speer and the Central Planning Board. The result was a more rapid increase in armaments, despite the heavy Allied bombing of German cities between 1943-44. |
| Explain the two interpretations regarding the German economy. | 1. Hitler had to modify his theories on the domestic front, just as he did in his foreign policy, until he could be certain of his power base. 2. From the start, Hitler moved systematically towards equipping Germany with an economic base capable of achieving Lebensraum. |
| How did the Nazi policy affect the farmers and the industrialists? | * Farmers: Farmers were described as "heroes" by Hitler. 1) Tariffs were introduced to protect German peasants. From 1933-1937, prices increased by 20%. 2) The Hereditary Law (1933). 3) All peasant debts were temporarily suspended between March-October 1933. * Industrialists: Benefitted from the drastic unemployment decrease. Two other organizations were established, Schönheit der Arbeit (Beauty of Labor) and Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy), which had overall effect of regulating leisure, working hours and increasing possibilities for exploitation by employers. |
| How did the Nazi policy affect the workers add the women? | * Workers: Political rights were destroyed by the Nazi regime, in other words, political power was lost. 1) SPD and KDP were dissolved. 2) Unions were replaced by the Nazi Labor Front. * Women: Women regained position, but now more women had lower level jobs. The Family was nicknamed "the germ cell of the nation" and women giving birth to many children were rewarded with the "Mother's Cross". Abortion clinics were closed and contraceptives were abolished. "Kitchen, children, home" was a slogan for women. They were given "Marriage Loans" to give up their work. |
| Why did unemployment decrease drastically? | * World economy improved, * Rearmament produced jobs (e.g. Autobahn), * Conscription was re-introduced in 1935 (300.000 young men worked there annually), * Civil Service Law: Regarding the economic life, Jews were excluded. |
| What three stages did the Nazi policies go through, concerning the Jews (anti-semitism)? | 1. 1933-1938: Legislation limiting activities of the Jews. The Nuremburg Laws (1935) deprived Jews of German citizenship and banned interracial marriages between Jews and Germans. 2. From 1938, anti-semitism was more violent. Authorities attempt to identify Jews by "Jewish" names; identity cards and passports. The Kristallnacht (Crystal Night): The occasion of concerted violence by Nazis throughout Germany and Austria, against Jews and their property on the night of 9-10 November, 1938. 3. 1941-1945: The program of extermination of all Jews (Wannsee Conference, 1942) led to the "Final Solution". - Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David, - Mass deportation of Jews to concentration camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmo, Sobibor, Treblinka, Maidenek, Dachau, Bergen-Belsen and Sachenhausen. |
| What four stages did the Nazi policies go through, concerning the Jews (anti-semitism)? | 1. Between 1933-1936, there were boycotts and the Civil Service Law purged Jews from civil service. 2. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were introduced, which deprived Jews of citizenship rights. If up to three ancestral lines back you had Jewish roots, you were considered Jewish. 3. After the Kristallnacht, a Jew killed a German ambassador. Hitler ordered the SA to destroy e.g. Jewish synagogues. The same year, Hitler issued a decree, which banned Jews from the economic life. 4. The "final solution" was reached, i.e. the "solution" of the extermination camps. |
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