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Creado por Rebecca Urban
hace más de 8 años
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Pregunta | Respuesta |
Importance of Surveying | Map the Earth Navigate charts Property Boundaries Data Banks |
IFS | International Federation of Surveyors |
GIS | Geographic Information System |
groma | for sighting |
Libella | A-frame with a plumb bob |
Chorobates | horizontal straightedge used for leveling |
Total Station Instrument | automatically measure and record horizontal and vertical distances and angles |
GNSS | Global Navigation Satellite System |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
ellipsoid | curved surface approximating the size and shape of the earth |
Control Surveys | serve as reference framework |
Topographic surveys | determine locations of natural and artificial features and elevations used in map making |
Land, Boundary, and Cadastral Surveys | establish property lines and property corner markers |
Original Surveys | establish new section corners |
Retractment Surveys | recovery established boundary lines |
Subdivision Surveys | establish monuments and delineate new land |
condominium surveys | boundary survey |
hydrographic surveys | define shorelines and depths of bodies of water |
Alignment Survey | plan, design, and construct highways, railroads, etc. |
Construction Surveys | line, grade, elevation, etc. |
As-built Surveys | document final locations |
Mine Surveys | guide tunneling above and below ground |
Solar Surveys | Maps according to the suns angle |
Optical tooling | method of making extremely accurate measurements |
OSHA | Occupation Safety and Health Administration |
LIS | Land Information Systems |
NGS | National Geodetic Survey |
BLM | The Bureau of land Management |
USGS | United States Geological Survey |
ACSM | American Congress on Surveying and Mapping |
SAGES | Surveying and Geomatics Educators Society |
Direct Observation | Observation gathered with an instrument |
Indirect Observation | observation gathered without a system |
MSL | Mean Sea Level |
Tidal Datum | vertical datum used in coastal areas |
BM | Benchmark |
USCGS | US Coast and Geodetic Survey |
NGVD29 | National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 |
NAVD88 | North American Vertical Datum of 1988 |
BS | Backsight |
HI | height of instrument above the vertical datum |
FS | foresight |
hi | height of instrument above an occupied point |
TP | turning point |
EDM | Electronic Distance Measurement |
Those that remain in measured values after mistakes and systematic errors have been eliminated | Random Errors |
Personal Errors | Arise principally from limitations of the human senses of sight and touch |
accuracy | denotes the absolute nearness of observed quantities to their true values |
Natural Errors | caused by variations in wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric refraction, gravity, and magnetic declination |
Integrity | A single omitted measurement or detail can nullify use of the notes for computing and plotting |
TP | While leveling, these are numbered consecutively but not described in detail, since they are merely a means to and end and usually will not have to be relocated |
Error | Difference between observed value and true value |
Instrumental Error | imperfection in setup of equipment |
Systematic errors | (biases) (cumulative errors) factors that compromise the measuring system |
NOAA | National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration |
Leveling | A process by which elevations or differences in elevation are determined |
PLS | Public Land Survey |
DMA | Defense Mapping Agency |
DOD | Department of Defense |
IFS | Intermediate Fore Sight |
Sexagesimal System | Degrees, Minutes, Seconds |
Interior Angles | enclosed in polygon |
Exterior Angles | outside closed polygon |
Angles to the right | clockwise from rear to the forward station |
Angles of Deflection | Observed from an extension of a back line to the forward station |
Geodetic Meridian | True North |
Astronomic Meridian | True North, always moving |
Magnetic Meridian | Compass |
Grid Meridian | State or other plane coordinate system, grid North |
Record Meridian | Directional references recorded |
Assumed Meridian | Established by assigning an arbitrary direction |
Azimuths | Horizontal angles observed clockwise from meridian |
Bearings | Acute horizontal angle between meridian and line |
Magnetic Declination | Horizontal angle observed from the geodetic meridian to the magnetic meridian, accurate to 30 min. of arc |
Traverse | A series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the field and whose lengths and directions have been determined |
Departure | Orthographic projection on east-west axis |
Latitude | Orthographic projection on the north-south axis |
Simple Curve | Circular arc connecting two tangents |
Compound Curve | two or more circular arcs of different radii tangent to each other with centers on the same side of alignment |
Reverse Curve | two circular arc tangent to each other with their centers on opposite sides of the alignment |
spiral curve | radius decreases uniformly from infinity to the tangent to that of the curve it meets |
Super Elevation | Balances the effect of centrifugal force on a vehicle passing around a curve |
Arc Definition of Degree of Curve | Degree of curve is the central angle subtended by a circular arc |
Chord Definition of Degree of Curve | degree of curve is the angle at the center of a circular arc subtended by a chord of 100 feet. |
Sag curve | changing from negative to positive slope |
Crest Curve | changing from positive slope to negative slope |
Local Attraction | A local caused from things such as power line railroad tracks, and so on the affect the direction a compass needle points at any location |
alidade | the telescope, graduated circles, and all other elements necessary for measuring angles and distances |
parallax | apparent motion of an object caused by a movement in the position of the observer's eye |
Closed Traverse | lines return to the starting point creating a closed figure |
Link Polygon | finish upon a different point that has a known elevation |
Open traverse | a series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting point |
Meridian Distance | the perpendicular distance from the midpoint of the course to the reference meridian |
PLSS | US Public Land Survey System, inaugurated in 1784 |
Topographic Survey | Large scale representation of the earth's surface |
Contour | a line connecting points of equal elevation |
US NMAS | US National Mapping Accuracy Standards |
Bar Scale | shows the segment equal to the scale |
public lands | Areas that have been subject to administration, survey, and transfer of title to private owners under the public lands laws of the US since 1785 |
quadrangle | nominal dimensions are 24 miles on a side |
ranges | north and south rows of townships |
tiers | east and west rows of townships |
witness corner | set on lines leading to the corner |
Meander Corner | established on survey lines intersection the bank of a stream |
obliterated corner | one for which there are no remaining traces on the monument, but can be recovered beyond reasonable doubt |
lost corner | cannot be determined |
Broken-back curve | Combination of a short length of tangent connecting two circular arcs that have centers on the same side |
Degrees of difference in magnetic declination between the northeast portion of Maine and the northwest part of Washington | 40 |
Upper part of the total station that includes the telescope, graduated circles, and all other elements necessary for measure angles and distances | Alidade |
permits accurate centering over a point | optical plummet |
run as true parallels of latitude 24 miles apart in the same manner as was the baseline | standard parallels or correction lines |
townships divided into these, numbered from 1 to 36 | sections |
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