Anthropology

Pregunta	Respuesta
Wolff’s Law	Final form of a bone is representative of its function Periosteum! Wolff's law is a theory developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff (1836–1902) in the 19th century that states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
Functional Complex	Anatomical region that we can talk about multiple functions responsible for the way something looks (function shaping form)
Dental Formula	Humans, apes, old world monkeys: 2.1.2.3. New world monkeys: 2.1.3.3.
Osteoblast	is the cell building the bone
Osteocyte	a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
Osteoclast	takes away old bone
Parabolic dentition	Humans
Pentadactyl	primitive trait of mammals
What are some problems w/ the fossil record?	Establish amount of variation throughout s species – developmental stages (children)– Incomplete (time gaps!) Fragmentary, isolated finds Looking at morphological traits (rather the DNA, proteins…) Can’t understand the range of variability – sexual dimorphism – geographic variation
Periosteum	a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. Image: b15b8bae-94a2-4aa1-b12e-dad4d7baabf6 (image/png)
Osteogenic	Stimulates bone growth
Growth of a long bone occurs between the	EPIPHYSIS AND DIAPHYSIS!!!
Law of antagonistic compensation states that reduced use of a bone will result in a shorter, wider bone. True or False?	TRUE
The sagittal crest present at birth True/ False?	FALSE
Bone morphology is a result of	Genetics Functions
How many total teeth do we have?	32
Compact bone is the dense, hard outer layer of bone that surrounds the second type of bone called porous bone. True or false	False!!
trabecular bone or spongy bone	one of two types of osseous tissue that form bones.
What is the Human dental formula?	2123
What type of tooth do we have fewer of than other mammals?	Premolars
Homologous structure	Shared derived opposed to evolved characteristic
What are some other derived characteristics (opposed ancestral)?	Relatively large brain, upright posture, binocular stereoscopic vision
Hypocone	70+ million years ago we find mammalian teeth on the enamel is the cusp – this cusp becomes distinctive to primates
Based upon what you have learned in lecture and observed in lab, what morphological differences between humans and other primate species are a result of locomotion.	Foot function Scapula Law of antagonistic something Fan shape portion will become shorter
What distinguishes dental primates from other mammals?	Hypocone
Name a true brachiating primate	Siamangs
Brachiation	arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.
The genotype is the only factor that determine phenotype. True or False	False
Given the allele frequencies p - .3 and q-.7 what percentage of the population is expected to have the H (heterozygous) genotype?	42 %
A codon	a sequence of three base pairs codes for a specific amino acid
Codons	code for amino acid
Processes in protein synthesis results in the creation of Mrna	Transcription
Why is DNA important?	Transfers hereditary info from parents to offspring Control protein synthesis Codes for protein
genotype containing two of the same alleles is	Homozygous
The possible variation of allele combination is	genotype
Alleles	Are different variations of a gene
Which RNA nucleotide base corresponds to adenine	Genes
DNA nucleotide base corresponds to Guanine (G)?	Cytosine
Random occurrences that may or may not become more frequent in a population based upon natural selection	Genetic mutation
Mutations are random. True or False	True
Mutations are always fatal. True or False	False
Genetic mutations are an intention product of natural selection. True or False	False
Natural Selection	It changes the genotypic frequencies in a population It occurs relative to environmental conditions
It was first proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace	Natural Selection
Competing forces on pelvis	birth canal and bipedalism
In anatomical position, the position of the forearm is called_________.	Supinated (palms up)
Normal variation between males and females of the same species, such as size difference is called________.	Sexual Dimorphism
Opposite of superior Image: 2f53eedc-bbad-4d8c-9bf4-eaecd21f6116 (image/jpg)	Inferior
Reptiles have _______ dentition, indicating they have the same type of teeth throughout their moth.	Homodont
____________ is the process by which a group of organisms rapidly diversifies and spread into new ecological niches.	Adaptive radiation
The earlier dental primates, such as Plesiadapis, had an additional tooth cusp call a/an)))))m which was an adaption to frugivory.	Hypocone
Three traits unique to primates (e.g., derived traits of primates NOT shared w/ the rest of Mammalia).	Upright posture Reduced snout (prognathism) Nails, not claws Binocular vision
The unit that natural selection acts upon is the population rather than the individuals. True or False?	True
Genetic mutation are always bad. True or False	False
Natural Selection in action	Underlying genetic mutation Environmental Pressure Differential Reproduction
DNA base pairs	A-T G-C
RNA bas pairs	A-U G-C
Differences between DNA and RNA	DNA - Double stranded - Stays in nucleus -AT-GC - mx geres RNA - Single stranded - Copy of 1 gere - AU-GC - leaves Nucleus
Mitosis	part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus.
Meiosis	process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe book it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies.
MRNA	Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
tRNA	Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
Gene	Image result for genewww.news-medical.net A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
Base pair	A base pair is one of the pairs A-T or C-G. Notice that each base pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine. The nucleotides in a base pair are complementary which means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pair forms two hydrogen bonds.
codon	A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. DNA and RNA molecules are written in a language of four nucleotides; meanwhile, the language of proteins includes 20 amino acids.
Chromosomes	Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.
Transcription	Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. The two can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript.
somatic cell	A somatic cell is any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells. Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.
Sex cells	Sex cells, or gametes, are unique to organisms that reproduce sexually. In animals and plants (fungi are somewhat different in this regard) there are two types of sex cells: male and female. The male sex cells are sperm, while the female sex cells are eggs.
Translation	Translation is the second part of protein biosynthesis (the making of proteins). It is part of the process of gene expression. Before translation comes: transcription produces a chain of introns and exons. RNA splicing by spliceosomes which remove introns, and formulate the messenger RNA from exons.
Alleles	An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.
homozygous	whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous.
Heterozygous	having one each of two different alleles
Recessive	Recessive traits can be carried in a person's genes without appearing in that person. For example, a dark-haired person may have one gene for dark hair, which is a dominant trait, and one gene for light hair, which is recessive.
dominant	Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus. The first allele is dominant and the second allele is recessive.
Punnett Square	Image result for Punnett Squareen.wikipedia.org The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
Mendelian traits	Mendelian Traits are those traits which follow Mendel's rules of only 2 possible versions (1 dominant, 1 recessive). There are many examples of this in humans. 1. Use the chart below to determine your phenotype (appearance) and possible genotypes (a pair of alleles).
Hardy–Weinberg	The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

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