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Pregunta | Respuesta |
The Earth: Origin and composition | The Earth is the third closest planet to the Sun. It's a rocky planet and the only planet that has water in all three states. Four layers: Geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. |
The origin of the Earth | Chemical reactions. Acretion of planetesimals. Denser materials (iron), to the Earth's interior and less dense materials (oxygen), move to the Earth's surface: Density differentiation |
Studying the Earth's interior | Seismic method analyses the energy generated by earthquakes. Seismic waves can be detected by a sismograph |
Layers of the geosphere | - The crust *Continental crust *Oceanic crust - The mantle *Upper mantle *Lower mantle -The core *Outer core *Inner core |
Minerals | Minerals are solid, inorganic, natural materials. They have a definite chemical composition and usually have a crystaline structure. |
Physical properties of minerals | - Optical -Mechanical - Magnetic |
Optical properties | Relate to how a mineral reacts to light: - Habit - Streak - Colour - Lustre |
Mechanical properties | Refer to how the mineral behaves when a force is applied to its surface. - Hardness: Mohs scale - Cleavage: the way a mineral breaks. - Tenacity: how easily a mineral breaks. |
Magnetic properties | Some minerals behave like a magnet. The attract objects that contain iron and nickel. |
Other properties of materials | - Transparency: transparent, translucent or opaque. - Density: Relation between the mass and volume. |
The importance of minerals | Minerals are used mainly as metal ores, as raw materials for industry, or sold as gems or precious stones. |
Metal ores | Native or noble minerals |
Raw materials for industry | Most abundant minerals found in the Earth's crust. Examples: uraninite, quartz and gypsum. |
Gems or preiuous stones | They are used for jewellery |
Rocks | Rocks are natural aggregates made up of one or various different minerals. - Composition: *Simple or homogeneous rocks: One mineral. Calcite. *Complex or heterogeneous rocks: Variety of minerals. Granite. - Texture: Size and arrangement of the minerals in the rock. |
Types of rocks according to their origin | |
Igneous rocks | Magma is a substance made up of melted materials mixed with gases and water, formed in the Earth's interior. - Volcanic igneous rocks or extrusive: Obsidian, pumice and basalt. - Plutoic igneous rocks or intrusive: Granite, syenite and gabbro. |
Sedimentary rocks | Sediments are fragments of rock and organic material that have been transported and deposited by water and wind. Places: sedimentary basins. Process is called diagenesis or lithification. |
Formation of sedimentary rocks | - Compaction is when sediments lose volume. - Cementation takes place after the water is lost and the salts form crystals. |
Classification of sedimentary rocks | - Detrital sedimentary rocks: Made up of other rocks. Canglomerates, sandstone and clay. - Non-detrital sedimentary rocks: Are not made of fragments of other rocks. Limestone, gypsum, coal and petroleum. Coal and petroleum are combustible fossils. |
Metamorphic rocks | Metamorphism is the process that changes a rock into a different type of rock. - Foliated: Parallel layers. Slate, Schist, Gneiss and Migmatite - Non- foliated: No layers. Marble and quartzite. |
The rock cycle | The rock cycle is a series of processes that a rock goes through to transform into another type of rock. |
The use of rocks | - Building materials: Cement, concrete, ceramics and glass. - Ornamental rocks. - Source of fosssil fuels. - Source of mineral for technological use. |
Extraction of minerals and rocks | A deposit is the place where minerals or rocks are found in sufficient quantity to make extraction economically beneficial. - Superficial extractions: *Opencast mines *Quarries - Subterranean extractions: Underground mines and adits. |
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