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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| traditional whole organism vaccine | dead, attenuated, inactivated |
| examples of traditional whole organism vaccines | BCG, measles, mumps, polio, yellow feve, flu, rabies |
| vaccine programs limited by | economics education (uptake) logistics liability |
| third world vaccine considerations | multiple doses stability (heat) availibility of needles/syringes cost |
| The role of the WHO SMALLPOX | early 60s threatened 60% world & killed 25% of infected. campaign from 67 to 77 effectively eliminated natural occurrence of smallpox. |
| Role of WHO-Polio | Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, infections fallen by 99%, estimated five million people have escaped paralysis. |
| Role WHO- Measles | Between 1999 and 2003, deaths from measles have decreased worldwide by almost 40%, and some regions have reached targets for eliminating the disease. |
| estimated cost savings of vaccines | in US-$1 invested saves $2-27 in health care expenses. |
| Expanded Programme on Immunization and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) | International initiative providing the impetus, funding, and technical support to help increase the number of vaccines provided and immunization coverage |
| Polio in crisis | Tajikstan polio eliminated more than 10 years -outbreak in April 2010 left 400 paralysed and reports in Republic of Congo show polio has returned |
| Many of the problems associated with vaccines could be solved by | 1. isolating proteins from the organism 2.making recombinant protein versions 3. Genetic engineering heat stable versions and edible vaccines |
| 3 approachs for recombinant vaccines | 1.inject,ingest or inhale recomb prot 2. place gene in virus and infect patient 3.gene vaccine |
| examples of recombinant vaccines | Hep B HIV cholera |
| vaccinia virus approach to rabies | erradicated in western europe. rabies glycoprotien gene inserted into vaccinia virus then into chicken heads. (foxes) |
| 3 mechanism of gene vaccines | particle bombardment creams liposomes |
| advantages of edible vaccines | cheap, stable and freely available overcome refrigeration and sterility problems |
| disadvantages associated with edible vaccines | expression levels of the transgene are low variability in immunogenicity and stability |
| there are edible vaccines in development targeted against | rabies TB and diarrheal diseases |
| How bioinformatics helps in vaccine design | ID surface proteins unique to organism. Ensure no human homologues. Check will be recognised by T or B cells. Use these as targets for vaccine production |
| production of vaccine by mutagenesis | create auxotrophs that cannot survive in a human |
| anti tumour vaccines | 1. expose dendritic cells in culture to synthetic peptices resembling tumor surface antigens 2. inject cells where they present peptides and immune response mounted |
| vaccine take home message | good news BUT can be difficult to develop and may themselves present safety problems |
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