Biology Flash Cards (Human Systems Part 3)

Pregunta	Respuesta
Circulatory System	Takes required substances to the bloodstream (oxygen, nutrients, etc), delivers waste materials to organs and maintains homeostasis of the blood.
Open Circulatory System	Blood does not stay confined to the veins, arteries, capillaries and organs. Found in insects (sprinkler like).
Closed Circulatory System	Blood stays confined to the veins, arteries, capillaries and organs. Either a single or double pump system.
Pulmonary Circulation	The right side of the heart. Takes oxygen poor blood to the lungs so that more oxygen can be received.
Systemic Circulation	The left side of the heart. Takes oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to other parts of the body.
Heart Muscle	Cardiac and myogenic muscle (meaning it is not stimulated by nerves, involuntary) make up the heart and the coronary blood system supple muscle with nutrients.
Cardiac Cycle	The right atrium contracts, pushing the blood into the ventricle. It contracts, pushing blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Repeats on the left side after blood enters through the pulmonary vein. The blood then exits out the aorta.
Superior Vena Cava	The passageway on the right side of the heart that collects oxygen poor blood coming from tissues in the head, chest, and arms (upper body).
Inferior Vena Cava	The passageway on the right side of the heart that collects oxygen poor blood from tissues in the lower body.
Pulmonary Arteries	Takes oxygen poor blood to the lungs to get more oxygen from the gas exchange
Pulmonary Veins	Take oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart where it can then exit to different areas of the body
Atria	The chambers (right and left) in the heart where blood enters. They contract and move blood into the ventricles.
Ventricles	The chambers (right and left) in the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart through pulmonary arteries and the aorta, depending on which side.
Septum	Separates the two different sides of the heart: right and left.
Aorta	Transports oxygen rich blood to the different parts of the body.
Tricuspid Valve	On the right side of the heart. Has three flaps and leads from the atrium to the ventricle. Also called the right A.V. valve or the Pulmonary valve.
Bicuspid Valve	On the left side of the heart. Has two flaps and leads from the atrium to the ventricle. Also called the left A.V valve or the Mitral valve.
Semilunar Valves	Deoxygenated blood travels from the right ventricle to the crescent shaped valves and into the right and left pulmonary arteries into the lungs.
Atrial Systole	When the atria (right and left) are contracting, moving the blood into the ventricles.
Ventrial Systole	When the ventricles (right and left) are contracting, moving the blood into the aorta or the semi-lunar valves, depending on which side.
Atrial or Ventrial Diastole	When the atria or ventricles are in a relaxed position
Pacemaker	The part of the heart that controls the rate at which it beats
Sinoatrial Node	The node that sends the initial electrical impulse that goes to the right and left atria and stops at the A.V. node.
A.V. Node	The node that captures the electrical impulse from the Sinoatrial node and propels it downward through the Bundle of His
Bundle of His	The passageway that the electrical impulse travels through after it reaches the A.V. Node. Goes to the right and left ventricles and hits the Purkinje fibres.
Purkinje Fibres	The fibres at the bottom of the heart that propel the electrical impulse upward and back into the atria area where ii is then absorbed by the A.V. septum
A.V. Septum	The fatty tissue that separates each atrium and ventricle. Absorbs the electrical impulse from the Purkinje fibres.
Cardiac Output	The blood flow measured in a minute. Can be calculated by the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume.
Blood Pressure	Measured by the flow in an artery--the device stops the artery flow and starts it again to see the maximum force of the heart (pressure it exerts on the artery). The average is 120/80
Arteriosclerosis	When the artery gets damaged and after self-repair begins to form plaque. As a result, the lumen narrows and there is reduced blood flow.
Angina	Build up of plaque in the coronary arteries due to arteriosclerosis which reduces the blood flow.
Heart Attack	A complete blockage of one or more coronary arteries (due to plaque, blood clot, etc.) that kills part of the heart muscle.
Bypass Surgery	When veins from the leg are taken and put in the heart around the blocked areas. There is a long recovery period, especially for the ribs because they have to use rib-cutters to get to the heart.
Artificial Heart Valves	Uses a ball that moves up and down in place of a valve
Angioplasty	When a long flexible pipe is inserted into an artery (arm or leg) and move into coronary artery. Stent and balloon pushes away fatty tissue and clears the blockage.
Stroke	When a blood vessel is blocked or bursts in your brain and some of the tissue dies.
Aneurysm	When an artery has naturally weak walls and bursts spontaneously, often ending in death.
Components of Blood	Red blood cells, little white cells, platelets, and blood plasma
Blood Plasma	Liquid blood that is made of hormones, minerals, vitamins, nutrients and essential materials
Erythrocytes	Red blood cells. Carry hemoglobin that transports oxygen through the blood and are numerous in the body. Do not contain a nucleus
Leucocytes	White blood cells fight against disease in the body and are less numerous than red blood cells
Pericardium	The membrane that surrounds the heart
Bone Marrow	The part inside of bones where both red and white blood cells are made through mitosis
Immunity	A system in the body that prevents most foreign and dangerous cells from entering/harming or taking over the body
First Level of Defence	Barriers, chemicals, and microbiota
Barriers	Protective surfaces that prevent bacteria from entering the body. Examples: skin, mucus in the nose, and earwax. First level of defence
Chemicals (As a defence mechanism)	Chemicals that are naturally formed in the body to protect against intruding cells. Examples: tears in the eyes, acids in the digestive tract, and the removal of waste. First level of defence
Microbiota	Micro-organisms that fight bad organisms that attempt to enter the body. First level of defence
Second Level of Defence	The non-specific immune cells in the body
Non-Specific Immune Cells	Include Macrophages and Neutrophils which eat up bacteria through phagocytosis
Third Level of Defence	The specific immune cells found in the body
Specific Immune Cells	Include B Cells and T Cells that destroy non-self materials (anything that does not have the DNA of the body)
MHC	The protein on most of a person's cells that can identify the cells as SELF. Full name is Major Histocompatibility Complex
Antigen	Anything that stimulates the specific immune response within the body. Usually are molecules on materials that are non-self. Identify different pathogens with their specific shape.
First Exposure	A very slow response of the immune system. The disease usually infects the body in some way.
Second Exposure	A very fast response of the immune system. The disease may not take over the cells in the body, mainly due to immunological memory cells
Immunological Memory Cells	Can catalog and remember the specific disease so that if it infects again the second exposure is faster.
Granulocytes	Neutrophils (non-specific defence), basophils and eosinophils
Monocytes	Can leave the bloodstream and live in different organs. Form macrophages (non-specific defence)
Lymphocytes	Produce proteins called antibodies that incapacitate the antigens on the pathogens. Can form either T cells or B cells
Pathogen	Bacteria, viruses, fungi, micro-organisms, etc.
T-Cells	Helper recognizes the antigen, Killer destroys infected cells, Memory remain in bloodstream for next exposure, and Suppressor inhibit the B and T cells after immune response to stop them.
B-Cells	Make antibodies that bind to antigens, Plasma cells that create more antibodies, and Memory cells that catalog antigen
Platelets	Little pieces of cells made in the bone marrow that are attracted to injured vessels and help produce and enzyme reaction that eventually creates fibrin, an insoluble bonding material that traps blood cells and helps it clot.
Hemophilia	When there are not enough clotting proteins in the blood and the body is in danger of dying from extreme blood loss. It is inherited.
Leukemia	Cancer of white blood cells that causes an excess amount that cannot fight pathogens. Either chronic or acute. Two types: Myeloid and Lymphoid
Lymph	A liquid made up mostly of interstitial fluid
Lymphatic System	A network of vessels closely associated with the capillaries. Have nodes or glands. Works with white blood cells to fight of foreign cells.
Blood Types	Determined by the presence or absence of Type A and/or Type B antigens on red blood cells in the body
ABO System	Type A: produces anti-B antibodies Type B: produces anti-A antibodies Type AB: produces no antibodies Type O: produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies (no antigen present)
Rh Factor	People who do not have the Rh antigen but have and Rh+ baby are susceptible to making anti-Rh bodies that can endanger their next child.
HDN	Hemolysis is the bursting of red blood cells
Autoimmune Disorder	When the body attacks its own cells even though they don't have different antigens. Example is rheumatoid arthritis where the immune system attacks the joints and can disfigure them
HIV and AIDS	When a pathogen takes over and destroys a lot of helper T-cells so that it is harder to respond to minor illnesses. Eventually the immune system fails
Diabetes	When the immune system destroys the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas
Allergies	When the immune system over-reacts to a harmless material such as nuts, pollen, dairy, or wheat. Can cause asthma, redness, sickness, swelling and excess fluid discharge

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Biology Flash Cards (Human Systems Part 3)

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	Creado por Natasha Gidluck hace más de 7 años