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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial | 1780-1900 |
| Industrial revolution (1780–1840) | Changes to society: Working class/peasants moved to towns for jobs Urbanisation Factory work replacing ‘crafts’ Poor working conditions – 12 hours per day, 6 days per week – Sundays for church Limits to leisure – lack of time, income, space |
| Separate sports - lower classes | Mob football Everybody Physical/violent Males only Few (unwritten) rules Violent Little (no) equipment Force based |
| Separate sports - Upper class | Real tennis Exclusive Delicate/refined Males only Written rules Moral code Specialist equipment Skill based |
| Exclusivity | Middle classes kept working classes away from ‘their’ sports Society segregated classes Working classes better (fitter) than middle classes Exclusions to club membership Only for ‘amateurs’ Gentleman amateur Exception – football – rise of professionalism |
| Separate sports- lower class events | Much Wenlock Olympic Games ‘Festival occasion’ Rural Athletic events – running, hurdles, football and cycling Prizes awarded by upper-class patrons for lower-class participants |
| Separate sports - Upper class events | Athletics ‘Pedestrianism’ ‘Footmen’ competed Gentry gambled Success increased social status of upper classes Became patrons |
| Rise of a middle class | People below aristocracy but above working classes Made money during industrialisation – factory owners, local government, doctors Wanted society based on merit Led the way in reforming education, local government, welfare of the poor, etc. |
| Characteristics of rational recreation | Regular participation Complex written rules – highly structured Spectating and participating Skill-based not force-based Developed by middle classes for middle classes – respectable Regionally and nationally based Complex equipment/facilities/referees |
| Industrial revolution | 1750–1850: time when agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban. |
| Initial negative effects of Industrial Revolution | Loss of space for mob sports Lack of time/income to play Poor health Lack of rights Lack of public provision |
| Industrial revolution - later positive effects | Health and hygiene improved More time/wages for recreation Middle classes/ex-public schools – morals Industrial patronage Improved transport and communications |
| Urbanisation | Migration to towns/cities for work: Lack of time/money/space for popular recreations Needed other ‘pastimes’ (not drinking/gambling) Lack of space – purpose-built facilities ‘Spectatorism’ – watch local team |
| Transport and communication | Trains/railways made travel easier/cheaper Spectators went to regular fixtures Countryside opened up National/regional competitions, e.g. FA cup Society more literate – newspapers/results/information Sporting role models. |
| British Empire | Public schoolboys – educated to lead ‘Games ethic’ – sport for morality Taught sporting values throughout Empire Set up teams/competitions Clergy – missionaries – church teams Officers in army to soldiers Formed NGBs. |
| Provision through factories | Needed healthy/disciplined workforce (social control) Increased production Philanthropic attitude Provided space to play Set up teams Increased wages/broken time payments Increased leisure time/works outings/excursions to seaside/countryside. |
| Churches and Local authorities | Church promoted sport – social control Church facilities became venues Church groups established – Boys Brigade, Scouts, YMCA Encouraged teams to form – Aston Villa/Everton Local authorities provided public facilities – wash houses/baths/swimming pools. |
| Three-tier class system | Emerging middle class Development of rules – codification – public schools and facilities – philanthropists/government acts Formed NGBs – controlled sport Strong moral code/etiquette/sportsmanship Helped development of early professional sport – factory owners/broken time payments New sports, e.g. lawn tennis Amateurism – had time/money to play |
| Formation of NGBs | Many formed between 1850–1880 For example, FA, RFU Organised rules/fixtures/competitions Maintained ‘amateur ideal’/limited professionalism and early commercialisation Kept control of sport to middle/upper classes Excluded working classes from joining in and possibly beating them! |
| Changing role of women | Early sports (football) male dominated Growth in female football during WW1 (1914–18) 1921: 150 teams, mainly in North and Midlands 1930s: Depression – interest declined 1969: WFA formed 2002: Most popular sport for women |
| Amateur vs professional | Middle class ‘gentleman amateur’: Had time/money to play for fun Working class professional: Employed to play/payment by results Early patronage Commercialisation – more sports – rugby league, boxing Few ‘open’ sports remain |
| Characteristics of sport - pre-industrial | Class divisions – mob football Physical/violent Males only Few (unwritten) rules Violent Little (no) equipment Force based |
| Characteristics of sport - post industrial | Class divisions – Association football Exclusivity/NGBs Regular fixtures Spectatorism Written rules Skill based Commercialised/professionals |
| Summary | Changes to pre-industrial society led to changes in sports: rural to urban; playing to spectating; violent and occasional to rational. Changes linked to public schools and other factors: transport; urbanisation; churches; British Empire; factories; middle classes; etc. |
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