personality basic

personality basic

Buss & Plomin - temperament
1. twins study - monozygotic & dizgotic
  1. looked at 3 dimensions of personality
    1. emotionality - how strong the emotional response was
      1. activity - how energetic the child was
        sociability - how much the child wanted to be with others
        closer correlation with MZ than DZ = temperament has a genetic basis
2. study supports the view temperament is innate
  1. MZ twins are identical similar on all 3 levels, DZ are only genetically similare to each other as siblings
    1. MZ twins treated the same - correlation could therefore be because of the enviroment/way they are treated rather than the genes.
      1. cannot be generalised to whole population as not everyone is a twin
Eysenck - Trait theories
1. believed different personality styles - believed this happened because of the type of nervous system a person had. neurotics = react quickly to stress
  1. for each personality type there are associated traits - punctuality
    1. personality types = Extroversion/Introversion/Neuroticism/Emotional stability - 3rd dimension = Psychoticism
      1. extroversion = looks to outside world for entertainment and people - sociable
        under aroused
      2. introversion - content with own thoughts and ideas - quiet & reserved
        over aroused
      3. neuroticism - highly emotional, quick intense reaction to fear - anxious
    2. A personality theory should describe STRUCTURE and DYNAMICS of how the behaviour is produced., Explain why they are always early.
2. Study - only described a limited number of personality types
  1. Used questionnaire to test personality. Answers people gave could have been based on mood at the time
    1. Believed personality was genetic - does not consider personality can change due to experience.
      1. most people lie in the middle of the two scales and EVERYONE can be placed on the line
3. EYSENCK = 4 INVENTORIES FOR SUPERFACTORS
  1. 1 MAUDSLEY PERSONALITY INVENTORY
  2. EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE = EPQ
    1. REVISED TO EPQ - R
    2. used to meausre Intro/Extro/Neuroticism ADDED 3RD DIMENSION PSYCHOTICISM
      1. Most people score low on psychoticism - those with high scores are hostile, aggressive, insensitive and cruel
        3 dimensions not linked = separate score for each
      2. MALES SCORE MORE HIGHLY FOR PSY DUE TO TESTOSTERONE
  3. EYSENCK PERSONALITY INVENTORY = EPI
    1. measures introversion & extro, neuroticism & stability
      1. series of yes & no qus - ans can identify individuals personality
        2 dimensions are NOT related so individual can be identified as a stable extrovert, neurotic introvert ect
BIOLOGICAL
1. BIRTH - TEENAGE
2. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDYING PERSONALITY LOOKS FOR BIO REASONS/ CAUSES
  1. MOODS / HORMONES/ TEMPERAMENT
PERSONALITY DETERMINED BY BIOLOGY + TYPE DETERMINES BEHAVIOUR
1. 3/4 OF PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS ACCOUNTED BY HEREDITY
2. EXIST CROSS CULTURE
Personality - Shows how people are different - RELATIVELY STABLE - CONSISTENT OVER TIME - DEVELOPS OVER LIFETIME
1. Studied via :
  1. MOSTLY Nomothetic - Scientific / Quantitative
    1. Based on Laws of Behaviour and can be generalised to everyone
      1. STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES - QUESTIONNAIRES
        Used to compare people with one another
  2. Idiographic - Qualitative / Uniqueness
    1. Case Studies, interviews - reflect uniqueness
Different theories = Type. Trait. Factors, Bio.
1. TYPE
  1. TRAIT
    1. BIO
    2. FACTOR = SIMPLIFIED VERSION
Personally - Helps us make sense of ourselves and others, Professionally - lets us assess people by groups - schemas or stereotyping- tell if suited to a job
FACTOR ANALYSIS
1. Aim to SUMMARISE things between variables into a smaller pattern - more generalised.
  1. They describe the IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
    1. Basically A smaller number of FACTORS decribes ALL PEOPLE.. and gives greater FLEXABILITY
      1. FACTORS :INTRO/EXTRO/NEUROTIC
        STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE - showing personality dimensions.
        Simplified version of Trait Theory eg lots of traits for trait theory, fewer factors for Factor Analysis.
CATTELL - 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS
1. CATTELL = FACTOR ANALYSIS to IDENTIFY 16 SOURCE TRAITS = which DEVELOPED 16PF
  1. RELIABLE & VALID
    1. CAN BE USED WITH EVERYDAY PEOPLE AND CLINICALLY
  2. TRAITS DEVIDE INTO - COMMON TRAITS + UNIQUE TRAITS
    1. This method created 35 PRIMARY/FIRST ORDER TRAITS
  3. Wanted to systematically describe personality
2. INDUCTIVE METHOD
SOURCE TRAITS
COSTA & McCRAE 1992 = BIG 5 = OCEAN - MORE GENERAL MEANING MORE LEVELS OF UNIQUNESS
1. O = OPENNESS
  1. C = CONTIENCIOUSNESS
    1. E = EXTROVERSION
      1. A = AGREEABLENESS
        N = NEUROTICISM
2. RELIABLE & VALID
GOLDBERG
1. PROPOSED ANOTHER BIG 5 - SEEKS TO DESCRIBE PERSONALITY
  1. SIMILAR TO COSTA & McCRAE EXCWPT HAS INTERLLECT AS A FACTOR INSTEAD OF OPENNESS
2. FACTOR 1 = EXTRAVERSION
  1. FACTOR 2 = AGREEABLENESS
    1. FACTOR 3 = CONSCIENCIOUSNESS
      1. FACTOR 4 = EMOTIONAL STABILITY
        FACTOR 5 = INTERLECT

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