Chapter 11 & 12

Chapter 11 & 12

International action to reduce poverty.
1. Campaigns such as Make Poverty History & Drop The Debt
  1. Collective effort in intervention.
2. Civil society movements have grown to become 'big business'
  1. Oxfam, World Vision, Care.
  2. A lot rely on government funding & undertake government contracts.
    1. Are these orgs independent from gov influence?
    2. More concerned with rasing the big bucks for job security and less focus on what they are trying to achieve?
3. Why we give aid.
  1. Altruism, charity, obligation, supporting allies in the Cold War, political stability, access to natural resources & create pathways for foreign investments.
From the 1970's, there was a focus on developing countries to move forward into industrialisation & the technological age.
1. Lots of developing countries were plunged into lots of debt with 'pushy' tactics from banks in the North in the 70's.
  1. In the late 70's, countries in the North stopped lending, and pushed interest rates upas the second oil crisis happened.
    1. With the Cold War - developing countries were forced to choose sides.
What is aid?
1. 'Foreign aid' includes all transfers (money, goods, skills, military & civilian aid, grants & loans.
  1. ODA - Official Development Assistance - aid coming from states & other official agencies.
    1. Which contains a grant element of at least 25%.
    2. A lot of bargaining by 'donors' & 'recipients' of aid - conditions attached.
      1. Power in aid relationships - aid is desperately needed sometimes so the donor has more power.
    3. This is the largest category of aid.
      1. Followed by NGO & humanitarian aid (although much of this comes from gov funds too.
Who has legitimacy to develop the capacities of another?
1. Interventions can create contention.
  1. Different voices, interests, roles & responsibilities coming together.
2. The State, Int Orgs (UN), NGO's & local community groups & associations.
  1. Poverty agendas change - more emphasis on the poor's own agency.
    1. Although, Moser, states this means that the poor has responsibility for their own poverty - causes aren't being tackled.
From the 1990's - change.Poverty was caused by features of the world economy that disadvantaged the South or some people thought problems arose from within these countries.
1. The World Bank thought it was the latter.
  1. There was a lot of contention though - which resulted in more reforms in the 90's.
    1. MDG's
2. Riddell wants to see more direct cash transfers
  1. The Bolsa Familia plan in Brazil

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