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Translation procedures, strategies and methods
1. Technical procedures
  1. analysis
  2. study of Text
  3. semantic and syntactic
2. Organizational procedures
  1. Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"
  2. Jaaskelainen (1999:71) considers strategy as, "a series of competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and/or utilization of information."
3. Newmark (1988b) methods of translation
  1. Word-for-word translation
  2. Literal translation
  3. Faithful translation
  4. Semantic translation
  5. Adaptation
  6. Free translation
  7. Idiomatic translation
  8. Communicative translation
4. Procedures of translating
  1. Making up a new word
  2. Explaining the meaning
  3. Preserving the SL term intact.
  4. Opting for a word in the TL
5. Harvey (2000:2-6)techniques for translating
  1. Functional Equivalence
  2. Formal Equivalence or 'linguistic equivalence
  3. Transcription or 'borrowing'
  4. Descriptive or self-explanatory translation
6. translation procedures that Newmark (1988b)
  1. Transference
    1. Cultural equivalent
      1. Descriptive equivalent
        Synonymy
        Shifts or transpositions
        Recognized translation
        Paraphrase
        Notes
  2. Naturalization
    1. Functional equivalent
      1. Componential analysis
        Through-translation
        Modulation
        Compensation
        Couplets

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