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Research
Methods
Week 1
- Bloom's
Revised
Taxonomy
- Remembering -
recall, listing etc
- Understanding -
being able to
explain,
summarising etc
- Applying -
using info in
another setting
- Analysing -
exploring
understanding
and
relationships,
comparing etc
- Evaluating - justifying a
decision, checking,
hypothesising
- Creating - generating
new ideas, designing,
constructing
- Higher-order thinking
- Higher-order thinking
- Creating - generating
new ideas, designing,
constructing
- Evaluating - justifying a
decision, checking,
hypothesising
- Analysing -
exploring
understanding
and
relationships,
comparing etc
- Applying -
using info in
another setting
- Understanding -
being able to
explain,
summarising etc
- Remembering -
recall, listing etc
- How do we know
things?
- Tenacity
- Belief based
explanations -
"everyone knows it's
true" - e.g ghosts,
luckiness, horoscopes
- Belief based
explanations -
"everyone knows it's
true" - e.g ghosts,
luckiness, horoscopes
- Authority
- Accepting something is true
simply because someone in a
position of authority says it is -
e.g parents, lecturers
- Accepting something is true
simply because someone in a
position of authority says it is -
e.g parents, lecturers
- Pure Reason
- It is the way it is because it logically
must be that way - a priori - truth
arrived at by logic and reason -
advantages - laws and social
contracts do not stem from
empirical reason - disadvantages -
inability to resolve arguments
when they occur
- It is the way it is because it logically
must be that way - a priori - truth
arrived at by logic and reason -
advantages - laws and social
contracts do not stem from
empirical reason - disadvantages -
inability to resolve arguments
when they occur
- The Scientific
Method
- Conclusions
should be based
on evidence which
is empirical and
objective
- Conclusions
should be based
on evidence which
is empirical and
objective
- Tenacity
- How is the
scientific
method
applied?
- Induction
- Evidence is gathered
from multiple
observations - but
how can a finite
number of
observations
guarantee what will
happen in the future?
- Evidence is gathered
from multiple
observations - but
how can a finite
number of
observations
guarantee what will
happen in the future?
- Falsifiability - Karl
Popper
- For a theory to be scientific, it must be falsifiable -
if evidence contradicts theory, we formulate a
new one, if evidence supports it, we regard it as
undefeated - but how do you determine whether
a theory should be accepted as true?
- Bayesianism
- Belief comes in degrees - the likelihood of future
events can be expressed on the basis of past
knowledge - e.g it is likely 90% of students will
pass research methods - revise probability
predictions when faced with ned evidence in
support or against - key principle in statistics
- Belief comes in degrees - the likelihood of future
events can be expressed on the basis of past
knowledge - e.g it is likely 90% of students will
pass research methods - revise probability
predictions when faced with ned evidence in
support or against - key principle in statistics
- Bayesianism
- For a theory to be scientific, it must be falsifiable -
if evidence contradicts theory, we formulate a
new one, if evidence supports it, we regard it as
undefeated - but how do you determine whether
a theory should be accepted as true?
- Induction
- Hypothetico-Deductive
Method
- Theory
- Hypotheses
- Empirical tests
- Results
- Theory either
undefeated or needs
refining/abaondoning
- Theory either
undefeated or needs
refining/abaondoning
- Results
- Empirical tests
- Intuition
- Observation
- Hypotheses
- Theory
- Quantitative
Research
- Measurement/quantity
- Numerical
data
- Experimental Methods
- e.g hypothetic
deductive approach
- Focus on describing,
predicting & identifying
causes - usually large
sample sizes
- Focus on describing,
predicting & identifying
causes - usually large
sample sizes
- Experimental Methods
- e.g hypothetic
deductive approach
- Numerical
data
- Measurement/quantity
- Qualitative
Research
- Description, often text
based
- Not
experimental
- focus on
underlying
meaning of
behaviours,
small samples
- Not
experimental
- focus on
underlying
meaning of
behaviours,
small samples
- Description, often text
based
- Descriptive vs relational
- Descriptive - describes behaviour
or phenomena but can't make
predictions or imply causality
- Relational -
explores
relationship
between two or
more behaviour or
phenomena - able
to make
predictions but still
not causality
- Relational -
explores
relationship
between two or
more behaviour or
phenomena - able
to make
predictions but still
not causality
- Descriptive - describes behaviour
or phenomena but can't make
predictions or imply causality
- Experimental research
- Manipulation of one or more
variables in order to measure the
effect on another variable -
determines if any differences arise as
a direct result of the manipulation
- Causality can be
inferred because we
have controlled all
other variables
- Relational - X is related to Y
Experimental - X is responsible for Y
- Relational - X is related to Y
Experimental - X is responsible for Y
- Causality can be
inferred because we
have controlled all
other variables
- Manipulation of one or more
variables in order to measure the
effect on another variable -
determines if any differences arise as
a direct result of the manipulation
- Triangulation
- Methodological Pluralism -
using multiple methods
- Methodological Triangulation -
convergence of the findings of
methodologically varying studies
can lend credence to theory pattern
- Methodological Pluralism -
using multiple methods
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