Muhammad's Palpable Spleen

Overview of Anemia
1. Definition
  1. Reduction in the Red cell mass resulting in decreased oxygen transporting capacity of the blood
2. Causes
  1. Blood loss
    1. Chronic
    2. Acute
The Spleen
1. Anatomy
  1. lymphatic organ lying against the diaphragm and ribs 9 to 11 in the left hypochondriac region
2. Physiology
  1. Filters blood (removes damaged and worn-out erythrocytes and platelets.
  2. Provides the immune response
3. Pathology
  1. Splenomegaly
    1. is defined as enlargement of the spleen measured by double it's typical size
    2. Causes
      1. Infections
      2. Hemolytic anemias
      3. Immune thrombocytopenia
      4. Splenic vein hypertension
    3. Effects
      1. Abdominal bloating
      2. Early feeling of satiety
White Blood Cells
1. Leukopoiesis
  1. Leukopoiesis is a form of hematopoiesis in which leukocytes are formed in bone marrow in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus
2. Types of WBC's
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. Lymphocytes
3. Count
  1. 4-10,000× 109/L
4. Disorders of WBC's
  1. Leukocytosis
    1. neutrophillia
      1. Bacterial infections
    2. Lymphocytosis
      1. Viral infections
    3. Monocytosis
      1. Chronic infections
    4. Eosinophilia
      1. Type I hypersensitivity reaction
    5. Basophilia
      1. Indicates Malignancies
  2. Leukopenia
    1. Neutropenia
    2. Lymphopenia
  3. Leukaemoid Reaction
    1. This is a reactive and excessive leukocytosis
5. Neoplastic proliferations of WBC
  1. leukemia
    1. It is uncontrolled proliferation of immature blood cells that presents in bone marrow or peripheral blood
      1. Acute Leukemia
        AML
        Aeur Bodies
        ALL
        T-ALL manifest as lymphoma usually of thymus
        B-ALL manifest as childhood leukemia
      2. Chronic Leukemia
        CLL
        CML
        Genetic Translocation of Philadelphia Chromosome
        Clinical Presentation
        Enlarged spleen
        Abdominal fullness
        Anemia
        Treatment
        Imatinib
        Inhibition of tyrosine kinase.
        side effects
        Nausea
        Vomiting
        Diarrhea
        Bone Marrow Transplantation
        HLA Typing
        system that encodes for MHC proteins in the human body
        HLA is used to match you and your donor to avoid rejection. The best match for you would come from a person who’s HLA closely resembles yours.
        Grafts
        A graft is any type of tissue that is transplanted from one individual to the other.
        Graft Vs. Leukemia: The transplanted graft rejects the leukemic cells which is beneficial to the patients. (Only relevant to patients with leukemia)
        Types of Rejection
        Hyperacute
        Acute
        Chronic
        Breaking Bad News
        Impact of the Internet on Patients Understanding
        The impact of the Internet can be both positive and negative which depends on each individual
        Psychological aspects of cancer patients
        Creates enormous stress. Patients experience fear, anxiety and depression
  2. History Taking
    1. B symptoms
    2. Bleeding
    3. Lymph gland enlargement
  3. Physical Examination
    1. dehydration
    2. pallor
    3. petechiae
    4. Inspection
    5. Lymphadenopathy
  4. Diagnosis
    1. CBC
      1. High WBC
      2. Mild anemia
      3. Thrombocytosis
    2. Morphological features
      1. scant agranular cytoplasm
    3. Bone Marrow Test
      1. Biopsy
      2. Aspiration

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Muhammad's Palpable Spleen

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	Creado por Mariam Alzaabi hace casi 7 años