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angela m
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angela m
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6
differentiation
cells stop this (x) and start this (y)
Nota:
x: dividing y: start developing specialized element and distinct functions
the generation of -
Nota:
specialized cell type
commitment
Nota:
the process that determines the cell to be a certain fate
stage 1: specification
Nota:
the cell/tissue has a specific fate it will become, but this differentiation pathway is labile (can change) and reversible. there's no garauntee
capable of differienting autonomously when placed in a neutral environment
stage 2: determination
Nota:
the cell/tissue has a certain fate and it is 100% DETERMINED to become that. non-reversible. happens very early on in embryonic development
capable of differitiating autonomously even if placed into a non-neutral environment
3 strategies of commitment
Nota:
ACS
conditional specification
cell fate determined by the conditions surrounding the cell
cells have ability to achieve their fate through a number of different interactions
juxtacrine factors
Nota:
cell-to-cell contact. cells must be close
paracrine factors
Nota:
secreted signals
mechanical stress
Nota:
physical properties of its local environment
predominates in most vertebrates like zebrafish or mouse; predomanites some invertebrates
ex: normal back cells in blastula
if normal development (no transportation)
Nota:
cells form back tissue
if transported to belly area
Nota:
form belly
if removed by glass needle
Nota:
- -also considered normal development because no transportation
syncytial specification
Nota:
Specification of presumptive cells within such a common cytoplasm containing many nuclei.
what is a synctium?
Nota:
a cytoplasm containing many nuclei
uses elements from both autonomous and conditional specification
predominantely in insects like drosophilia
cell fate OF BODY REGIONS determined by conditions affecting nuclei in a single multinucleate cell
specification of body regions by interactions between cytoplasmic regions BEFORE cellularization of the blastoderm
a cytoplasm with many nuclei
nuclei divide through 13 cycles in the absence of any cytoplasmic cleavage
cycles 1-9 are pre-blastoderm
cycles 10-13 are synctial blastoderm cycles
next, cellularization interphase 14 then cellular blastoderm is
after cellularization, both autonomous and conditional specification are seen
check ppt slides for which part i missed
autonomous specification
cell fate determined before fertilization by morphogenetic factors in ovum regardless of their environment
what are the morphogenetic factors?
Nota:
mRNA or transcription factors
example: the macho gene
a transcription factor that regulates (x) in the tunicate
Nota:
muscle development
B4.1
Nota:
this is the (part of the) blastomere where b4.1 is expressed
slide 10
blastomere inherits transcription factors from?
Nota:
egg cytoplasm
"regardless of their environment" ?
Nota:
each blastomere will form most of its cell type even if separated from the rest of the embryo
predominates in most invertabrates like tunicate
no embryo uses only 1 type of specification
embryos that use autonomous early use conditional for the formation of some organs
syncytial can be used for very early events, both autonomous and conditional will occur later on
experiments
weismann's germ plasm theory of inheritance
1. each cell of embryo develops autonomously
2. equal chromosomal contributions from sperm and egg
3. chromosomes carried the inherited potential for this new organism
roux's attempt to demonstrate autonomous
He destroyed one cell of a 2-cell frog embryo that resulted in the development of only one half of the embryo
DEFECT
frog
driesch's demonstration of conditional
RECOMBINATION EXPERIMENT
explained?
sea urchin
1st experimental evidence of conditional
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