Enzymes

1. Catalysts
   1. Biological
   2. Organic

1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration
3. Digestion
4. Protein synthesis
5. Cell division

1. BIG --> small

Nota:

• DNA polymerase (plants and animals) (forms and repairs DNA) photosynthesis (water + carbon dioxide = glucose)

Nota:

• specific 3D shape of the active site has been changed, will no longer fit the substrate (generally irreversible) Temperature Below freezing point a solid forms and the enzymes can't work. lower - slows down higher - speeds up human enzymes 37 degrees plants 20-30 degrees shape is fully lost at about 0 degrees ( denatured) PH 6-8 (most enzymes) 7 - ideal (most enzymes) pepsin in the stomach is 2 Enzyme and substrate concentration.

Nota:

• In the past - lock and key hypothesis (active site rigid in structure) Now- active site changes shape slightly to form an enzyme-substrate complex forming a product.

Nota:

• attached to or fixed to, each other or to an inert material. not free in solution

1. Bioprocessing

   Nota:

   • The use of biological materials (organisms, organelles, enzymes) to manufacture commercial products or treatment procedures of commercial, medical, or scientific interest e.g. drugs, vaccines, antibiotics sucrose ---> fructose and galactose (sucrase) Immobilised enzymes used in urine testing for illegal drugs and other chemicals.
2. Bioreactor

   Nota:

   • Stainless steel vessel used to produce useful substances from the activities of biological agents.
3. Methods

   Nota:

   • Adsorption - physically attached to inactive supports suchh as glass, beads, ceramics, cellulose particles or artificial polymers such as gels (all insoluble) Enclosed by a membrane Trapped in a gel Bonded to a support Bonded to each other
4. Advantages

   Nota:

   • can be reused  - cheaper recovered at the end of the process - rapidly purified (product) stabilises the enzyme - less needed cheaper - just as efficient
5. Uses

   Nota:

   • penicillin ----> new antibiotic (penicillin acylase) glucose ---> fructose (sweeten soft drinks)  (glucose isomerase) lactose ----> glucose + galactose (sweeter sugars) (lactase) (replace condensed milk in the manufacture of soft toffee and caramel).