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Biology
Descripción
GCSE AQA additional science biology- in progress 5 more topics to cover
Sin etiquetas
gcse
aqa
science
biology
additional science
gcse additional science
biology
a-level
Mapa Mental por
Holly Bamford
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Más
Menos
Creado por
Holly Bamford
hace casi 10 años
1397
104
2
Resumen del Recurso
Biology
Nota:
Additional AQA spec
DNA and cell divsion
DNA
Genes
A short section of DNA
Each gene codes for a specific protein
This specifies which order the amino acids join together
Alleles- forms of gene
Dominant
Represented by an uppercase letter
Characteristics from a dominant allele develop if there is one or two of this allele in a pair
Recessive
Represented by a lowercase letter
The characteristics from this are only present if there are two in a pair
heterozygous (2 different alleles) homozygous (2 of the same allele)
Chromosomes
A cell nucleus contains these
Made from long DNA molecules
Found in pairs
Mitosis
Nota:
It's important to remember the spelling as you have to spell it right to get the marks in your exam
This is the process by which BODY cells divide
The genetic material is copied
The cell divides to form two genetically identical body cells
Occurs during:
Growth
Cell repair
Gametes and fertilisation
Gametes
Male Gametes are Sperm
Female Gametes are Eggs
Contain one set of genetic information
Divide by Meiosis
Nota:
See meiosis section
Fertilisation is the fusion of a male and female gamete
Differentiation and stem cells
Most animal cells become specialised at an early stage
Stem Cells
Made to form different types of cell
Come from embryos or adult bone marrow
Meiosis
Nota:
It's important to remember the spelling as you have to spell it right to get the marks in your exam
Cells divide by meiosis to form gametes, when this happens:
Copies of the genetic information are made
The cell divides twice to form 4 gametes
Each gamete has a single set of chromosomes
Nota:
BBC bitesize has an awesome diagram- http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/inheritance/dna_cell_divisionrev5.shtml
Cells
Parts of a cell
Animal and plant cells
Nucleus
Nota:
Contains genetic material
Cytoplasm
Nota:
Most chemical processes happen here
Cell Membrane
Nota:
Controls, which substances enter and leave the cell
Mitochondria
Nota:
Energy released by respiration here
Ribosomes
Nota:
Protein synthesis happens here
Only plant cells
Cell Wall
Nota:
Strengthens the cell
Chloroplasts
Nota:
Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
Permanent Vacuole
Nota:
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell enlarged
Bacterial cells
Single cell organism
The genetic material is not in a distinct nucleus
Specialised cells
Leaf cells
Absorbs sunlight for Photosythesis
Packed with chloroplasts closley packed cells
Root hair cell
Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil
Long-large surface area
Sperm Cell
Fertilises an egg cell
Head contains genetic information and enzyme middle-food end-movement
Red blood cell
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygem
Large surface area- no nucleus so more haemoglobin
Diffusion
Particles move from an area of high concentration to an are of low concentration
Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide+water--------> Glucose + Oxygen Light energy
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll
Then it is used to convert CO2 & H20 to 02 & C6H12O6
Some glucose is used for respiration some is converted to starch for storage
Storage of and use of glucose
Stored as starch, fats and oils
Used to produce Cellulose and proteins
Limiting Factors
Temperature
Plants cant photosynthesis if it is too cold or hot as the enzymes become denatured.
Light intensity
Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide concentration
As CO2 concentration increase so does the rate of potosyntthesis
Graphs
Nota:
See her for graphs showing limiting factors: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/photosynthesis/photosynthesisrev2.shtml
Plateau-something else is the limiting fator
Proteins & enzymes
Amino Acids
Proteins made from long chains of amino acids
Enzymes
Biological catalysts
Nota:
Catalyst-a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
They have optimum temp. and pH at which their activity is greatest
Active site
Area were if hit the enzyme
Distribution of organisms
Quadrats
Physical factors that may effect the distribution
Temp.
Niutrients
amount of light
water avaliability
CO2 &O2 avaliability
Recursos multimedia adjuntos
images (image/jpg)
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Chrysanthemum (image/jpg)
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