Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Isomers
1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
2. Geometric isomers occur in some alkenes (C=C bonds cannot rotate)
3. Optical isomers occur in compounds that have a chiral carbon.
  1. Rotate polarised light in opposite directions
Important reaction types
1. Addition: A double bond is broken and atoms are added into the molecule
2. Elimination: Atoms are removed from a molecule and a double bond forms
3. Oxidation: A molecule gains an O atom or loses an H atom.
4. Substitution: Atoms in a molecule are exchanged for other atoms.
Haloalkanes
1. Suffix -ane
2. BPs are higher than corresponding alkanes but lower than corresponding alcohols
3. Insoluble in water (even though slightly polar)
4. Preparation and reactions of chloroalkanes
  1. Alkene + HCl = Chloroalkance
  2. Alcohol + PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2 = Chloroalkane
  3. Chloroalkance + NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) = Alcohol
  4. Chloroalkane + NH3(alc) = Amine
  5. Chloroalkane + NaOH(alc) or KOH(alc) = Alkene
Alcohols
1. Suffix -ol
2. BPs higher than corresponding alkanes. BPS increase as length of C chain (molar mass) increases.
3. Short chain alcohols are soluble. Solubility decreases as size of C chain increases.
4. Preparation and reactions of Alcohols
  1. Chloroalkane + NaOH(aq) or KOH (aq) = Alcohol
  2. Alkene + H2SO4(aq) = Alcohol
  3. Ester + Carboxylic acid and conc. H2SO4 = Alcohol

Resumen del Recurso

	Creado por kayanakat hace casi 11 años