UNIT 39

Nota:

• Guide of questions as a starting point of text analysis. 1. Subject/topic 2. What's the author is tryindo to do? ONDEAD los text types: Narrative Descriptive Expository Argumentative Dialogical 3. Is there anything that strikes you in the text? 4. Manner/Tone 5. Language 6. Sentence 7.Structure/vocabulary? 8. Mood / viewpoint?** 9. Idea original/amusing/shocking? 10. Which part of the text is important/main thought? 11. Examples from the text? 12. Descritive text? 13. Historical? 14. Argumentative text/thesis statement/support by examples/use of antithesis?
• Three different types of viewpoint: 1. Temporal point of view 2. Ideological point of view (direct/less direct) 3. Psychological or perceptual point of view. (internal/external) **Internal psychological point of view= ominiscient narrator

Nota:

• Crystal and Davy's approach to stylistic analysis is that any use of language displays/shows certain features that we first we must allocate them to a particular linguistic levels and then we must assign them to one stylistic category to analyse a text. 

1. 4 definitions term "Style"

   Nota:

   • 1 y 2 descriptive (1. individual uniqueness and 2. general description of a group of people at one time). 3. Evaluative: the effectiveness of a mode of expression (good manners/high breeding) 4. Mixed approach, overlapping/superposition of the other  three approaches (descriptive and evaluative).
   • Style always involvesan appreciation of contrast between alternatives. Style may then be seen as the selection of a set of linguistic features from all the possibilities in a language.
   • Crystal and Davy's analysis deals just with the first and the second description of Style (the descriptive approach) excluding evaluative and mixed approach(literary language
2. 1. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
   1. 1.1. PHONETIC/GRAPHETIC LEVEL
      1. Phonetics

         Nota:

         • Phonetics: physical properties of speech sounds
      2. Graphetics

         Nota:

         • Graphetics: is the branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of the symbols that constitute writing systems.
         • Despite there being just 26 (anis) letters/graphemes there are 44 (cocos) phonemes.. But it also important to take into account SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES when analysing a text: tone, stress, pitch range, pause, loudness, speed, rhythmicality, tension.
   2. 1.2. PHONOLOGICAL/GRAPHOLOGICAL LEVEL
      1. Phonology

         Nota:

         • is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules which organise sounds converting this into a language system.
         • Despite there being just 26 graphemes (smallest unit in a writing system) -que huelen a anis 26-; there are 44 phonemes in English -que suenan como 44 cocos chocando- 
         • But, apart from the 26 graphemes and the 44 phonemes, it is also important to take into account SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES: tone, stress, pitch range = tone (lanzamiento=pitch), pause, loudness, speed, rhythmicality, tension.
      2. Graphology/graphemics

         Nota:

         • Graphemics: is the branch of linguistics concerned with writing and print signs as systems of language.
         • The basic components of a writing system are called graphemes (in ENglish 26 units that constitutes the alphabet)
         • As graphemes may or may not correspond to phonemes (44 cocos) of the spoken language, other graphemes that are included in the writing system are: special symbols such as: $% and the punctuation marks as: space, full stop, semi-colon; hyphen, - en dash - em dash -, quotation marks, apostrophe 
   3. 1.3. GRAMMATICAL LEVEL
      1. 1.Inter-sentence relationship
         1. ellipsis, reference, concord, lexical cohesion, conjuncts, prosodic features, indirect-speech...
      2. 2.Sentence typology
         1. simple
         2. multiple
            1. compound
            2. complex
      3. 3.Clause typology
         1. subject /predicate
      4. 4.Group typology
         1. nominal/verb group
      5. 5.Word typology
         1. closed/open classes
         2. numerals and interjections
         3. unique function
      6. 6. Grammatical categories 8

         Nota:

         • Las 8 "grammatical categories" pivotan de forma mágica: PersonIVoiceOTenseANumber de forma...MoodAspectGenderICaseA
   4. 1.4. LEXICAL LEVEL/ TYPOLOGY
      1. Affixation
      2. compounding
      3. conversion
      4. truncation/clipping = cutting
      5. blending-joining-portmanteau: cyberspace

         Nota:

         • joining two parts after clipping. Smog: smoke and fog. Brunch: breakfast and lunch
      6. acronyms
      7. abbreviations
      8. backformation
      9. reduplicatives
      10. eponym
      11. onomatopoeic/onomatopoeia
      12. coinage
      13. borrowing / loanwords
   5. 1.5. SEMANTIC LEVEL / TYPOLOGY
3. 2. STYLISTIC ANALYSIS. 8 dimensions

   Nota:

   • el análisis estilístico SuPiMoS iMPeDirlo Todos. StatusUProvince -professional activity/knowledgeIModality = PurposeOSingularityIMediumParticipationEDialectIRLOTimeODOD
   1. STATUS -social standing-
   2. PROVINCE - Professional activity(knowledge
   3. Modality - Purpose
   4. Singularity - linguistic idiosyncrasy
   5. Medium - speech or writing
   6. Participation - monologue/dialogue
   7. Dialect - geographical origin
   8. Time - diachronic information

1. 1. LEXICAL CATEGORIES
   1. General
   2. Nouns
   3. adjectives
   4. Verbs
   5. Adverbs
2. 2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
   1. Sentence type
   2. Sentence complexity
   3. Clause type
   4. Clause structure
   5. Noun Phrases
   6. Verb Phrases
   7. Word Classes
   8. General
3. 3. FIGURES OF SPEECH
   1. Grammatical and lexical schemes
   2. Phonological schemes
   3. Tropes
4. 4. COHESION AND CONTEXT
   1. Grammatical cohesion
      1. Substitution
         1. Nominal (one/the same)
         2. verbal (do)
         3. clausal (so)
      2. Ellipsis
         1. textual
         2. Clausal
      3. Reference
         1. Exophoric
         2. Endophoric (anaphora/cataphora)
         3. Deixis (personal/temporal/space-place/discourse/social)
      4. Connectors/conjunctions
   2. Lexical cohesion
      1. Reiteration/repetition
      2. collocations
      3. Meronymy (body:arm, leg, belly...)
      4. Synonymy
      5. Hyponymy - hyperonymy (crow-bird)