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2405221
Smoking
Descripción
According to OCR Biology Specification (used for summer 2015)
Sin etiquetas
smoking
as biology
summer 2015
chd
bronchitis
gas exchange
lung cancer
elastic tissue
ocr
biology
unit 2
Mapa Mental por
C R
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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C R
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Resumen del Recurso
Smoking
Cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
The deposition of fatty substances in the walls of the arteries
CO damages endothelium of arteries
Damage repaired by phagocytes
Encourages growth of smooth muscle and deposition of fatty substances
Deposition of fatty substances, fibres, dead blood cells, plateletes are atheromas
High blood pressure increases deposition of cholesterol
Atheromas eventually form plaque, sticking out into lumen
Artery wall becomes rougher and less flexible
Reduces size of lumen of artery
Reduces blood flow
Nicotine causes increase in blood pressure
Damage to arteries
More atheromas
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
A disease of the heart caused by malfunction of the coronary arteries
Narrowing of coronary arteries means reduce blood flow to heart muscles
Less oxygen to the heart
CO binds irreversibly with haemoglobin, reducing the amount of oxygen to tissues, e.g. heart
Nicotine makes platelets sticky, increasing chances of blood clot (thrombus)
Can cause heart attack if in coronary arteries
Stroke
The death of part of the brain due to a lack of blood flow to that part of the brain and subsequent oxygen deficiency
Thrombus floating around blocks a small artery leading to brain
Haemorrhage - artery leading to brain bursts
Nicotine increases risk of blood clots
CO reduces amount of oxygen as binds to haemoglobin
Gas exchange system
Lung cancer
Symptoms
Continual coughing
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Blood coughed up in sputum
Tar contains carcinogenic compounds
Enter nucleus of cells of lung tissue
Change genetic material - mutation
If mutation in genes controlling cell division then uncontrolled cell division takes place - cancer
Emphysema
Loss of elasticity in the alveoli, which causes alveoli to burst
Lungs have reduced SA
Decreases rate of gaseous exchange
Symptoms
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Shallow and rapid breathing
Foreign particles in smoke get trapped in alveoli
Causes inflammation and damages epithelium
Phagocytes attracted to area
Release enzymes to move out of blood and into airways
Elastase damages elastic tissue in lung lining
Reduces elasticity so do not push air out when recoiling
Bronchioles collapse and trap air in alveoli
Causes alveoli to burst as pressure in lungs increase
COPD
Combination of diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Inflammation of the lining of the airways
Tar paralyses cilia and causes goblet cells to produce more mucus
Bacteria etc multiply and cause lung infection
Symptoms
Irritation in the lungs
Continual coughing
Coughing up mucus filled with bacteria and WBCs
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