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GCSE AQA Biology 3 Kidneys & Homeostasis
Descripción
A mind map showing information about homeostasis, kidney function & failure and controlling blood glucose.
Sin etiquetas
gcse
aqa
biology unit 3
kidney
homeostasis
dialysis
transplants
diabetes
biology
biology 3
gcse
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Lilac Potato
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Lilac Potato
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Resumen del Recurso
GCSE AQA Biology 3 Kidneys & Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Definition: Maintenance of a constant internal environment
6 things to be controlled:
Body temp.
Nota:
Can get too hot or cold
Water content
Nota:
Can't get too high or low - too much water could move into/out of cells - damaging them
Ion content
Nota:
Can't get too high or low - too much water could move into/out of cells - damaging them
Blood sugar level
Nota:
Needs to stay within certain limits
Carbon dioxide
Nota:
Product of respiration - must be removed in lungs when breathing out
Urea
Nota:
Waste product made from excess amino acids
Controlling body temp.
Enzymes in human body work best at 37 degrees C
If too hot/cold - won't work properly
Nota:
In extreme cases - could lead to death
Thermoregulatory centre in brain - contains receptors that are sensitive to temp. of blood in brain
Also receives impulses from skin about skin temp.
When you're too hot...
Hairs lie flat
Sweat is produced by sweat glands - evaporates, removing heat
Blood vessels supplying skin dilate - more blood flow to surface of skin (makes it easier for heat to be transferred from blood to environment)
When you're too cold...
Hairs stand up - trap insulating layer of air
No sweat produced
Blood vessels near skin constrict - close off blood supply
Shiver (muscles contract automatically) - requires respiration which releases energy to warm body
Kidney involvement in homeostasis
Act as filters to clean blood
Main roles...
Removal of urea
Proteins can't be stored so excess amino acids are converted into carbs and fats
Process occurs in liver - urea produced as waste product
Urea is poisonous - released into bloodstream by liver, kidneys filter it out. temporarily stored in bladder before excretion
Adjustment of ion content
Ions (e.g. Na) are taken into body in food & absorbed into blood
If ion (or water) content is wrong - could upset balance between them
Excess ions removed by kidneys
Some are also lost in sweat
Adjustment of water content
Water taken into body as food/drink & lost in...
Urine
Sweat
Air we breathe out
Water balance is between...
Liquids consumed
Amount sweated out
Amount excreted by kidneys in urine
Sports drinks
Nota:
Usually contain water, sugar & ions
Can help body replace water & ions lost in sweat & sugar used up by muscles during exercise
Kidney function
Nephrons are filtration units in kidney
1) Ultrafiltration
High pressure built up - squeezes water, urea, ions & sugar out of blood, into Bowman's capsule
Membranes act like filters - big molecules like proteins & blood cells stay in blood
2) Reabsorption
As liquid flows along nephron - useful substances reabsorbed:
All the sugar (involves active transport), sufficient ions (active transport involved) & sufficient water
3) Release of wastes
Remaining substances (including urea) continue out of nephron, into ureter & down to bladder as urine
Kidney failure
If kidneys don't work properly - waste substances build up & you can't control ion and water level
People with kidney failure can be kept alive by having dialysis treatment or kidney transplant
Dialysis treatment
Must be done regularly
Nota:
To keep concentrations of dissolved substances at normal levels and remove waste substances
In dialysis machine, person's blood flows alongside selectively permeable barrier, surrounded by dialysis fluid
Nota:
Permeable to ions, waste substances but not big molecules like proteins
Fluid has same concentration of ions & glucose as healthy bood
Only waste substances (urea) & excess ions & water diffuse across
Cons: Have to have session 3 times a week (3-4hrs each), may cause blood clots/infection
Kidney transplants
Healthy kidneys transplanted from people who have died suddenly (& are on the register)/are still alive (we have 2)
Donor kidney can be rejected by immune system (foreign antigens attacked by antibodies) so precautions are taken:
Donor with similar tissue type is chosen
Nota:
Tissue type bases on antigens (proteins on surface of cells) Have to wait a long time
Patient given immunosuppressants
Nota:
Stop immune system attacking kidney
Controlling blood glucose
Insulin & glucagon control blood glucose level
Eating foods containg carbs puts glucose into blood from gut
Normal metabolism of cells removes glucose
Exercise removes much more
Changes in blood glucose are monitored/controlled by pancreas, using insulin & glucagon...
When blood glucose level is too high:
1) Insulin secreted by pancreas
2) Tells liver to turn glucose into glycogen
3) Blood glucose reduced
When blood glucose level is too low:
1) Glucagon secreted by pancreas
2) Tells liver to turn glycogen into glucose
3) Blood glucose increased
Type 1 Diabetes
Nota:
Condition where pancreas produces little/no insulin - person's blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them
Can be controlled by: Avoiding foods rich in sugars, doing exercise & injecting insulin
Amount of insulin needed depends on person's diet & activity
Insulin used to be extracted from pig/cow pancreases
But is now made by genetic engineering - human insulin doesn't cause adverse reaction
Injecting can control level but not as well as normal pancreas - diabetics can have a pancreas transplant
Has same issues as kidney transplant but could mean no more injecting
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