Public Health

Public Health

Why was nothing done
1. Bad understanding of what caused illness
  1. Miasma
2. Laissez Faire
  1. People opposed government intervention
    1. Due to costs
  2. People should help themselves
3. Cholera outbreaks
  1. 1831
  2. 1848
  3. 1853
  4. 1866
  5. Killed thousands
    1. People understood reform was needed
What did the conditions mean
1. Overpopulation
  1. Overcrowding
    1. Disease spread
2. Factory towns
  1. Bad quality slums built
    1. Cramped and dirty conditions
3. Poverty
  1. Low income
  2. Poor sanitation
    1. Privies
      1. Holes in ground
      2. Waste leaked underground
        Cross infection between human waste and drinking water
        Cholera
        Spread rapidly
        Impossible to stop
        Typhoid
      3. Badly constructed
Improvements
1. 1858
  1. Great Stink
    1. Hot summer
    2. Untreated waste
      1. Smell rose
    3. Forced government to take action
2. Chadwick
  1. Report
    1. 1842
    2. Improved PH and healthy workforce would save money
  2. Limitations
    1. Laissez Faire
    2. Argumentative nature
    3. Opposed by tax payers
3. Snow
  1. Linked dirty water and cholera
  2. Got handle of pump removed
    1. Death rates decreased
  3. 1854
4. Pasteur
  1. Germ theory
    1. Germs caused disease
5. Acts
  1. 1848
    1. Permissive
  2. 1875
    1. Forced
      1. Medical Officer
      2. Clean water
      3. Effective sewage
      4. Street Lighting
  3. Artisan and Labours Dwelling Act
    1. Chamberlain
      1. Mayor of Birmingham
      2. Cleared slums and rebuilt houses
      3. Persuaded authorities to buy local water and gas companies
        People could have good supply of both
    2. Cadburys
      1. Bourneville
        Improved living conditions of workers
        Happier
        Healthier
    3. Lever Brothers
      1. Port Sunlight
        800 homes
        School
        Hospital
    4. 1875
  4. Rivers Pollution Act
    1. 1875
    2. Substances can't be dumped in rivers
6. Bazalgette
  1. Chief Engineer of Metropolitan Board of Works
  2. 83 miles of main sewers
    1. Pumping stations
    2. Foresaw growth of population
      1. Built system with a larger capacity
    3. Took waste away from populated areas
7. Farr
  1. Used info on births and deaths
    1. Found where death rate was highest
    2. Proved link between high death rate and unhealthy living conditions
Did living conditions improve
1. New houses built
  1. Better living standards
2. Booth
  1. Life and Labour of the People
    1. 1889
    2. 30% of people in London living in poverty
      1. Impossible to find work
    3. Low wages
      1. Can't support family
  2. Rowntree
    1. Poverty, a Study of Town Life
      1. 28% of people in York couldn't afford basic food and housing
      2. Influenced Lloyd George
3. Boer War
  1. 1899
  2. 40% of volunteers were unfit for military service
    1. Poverty
    2. Poor living conditions
    3. Poor diet
  3. Britain realised healthy population was needed to have an efficient army
  4. Scared politicians
Did politics help
1. Labour
  1. Support of working people
  2. Beliefs
    1. Poor should get government help
    2. Money should be taken from taxes
    3. Nationalise the major industries
      1. Make use of the profits
2. Conservatives
  1. Royal Commission
    1. Published two reports
      1. Majority Report
        Poor made themselves poor by gambling and drinking
        Don't deserve help
      2. Minority Report
        Poverty caused by illness, age, and shortage of jobs
        More should be done to prevent people from getting poor
3. Liberals
  1. 1906
    1. Free school meals
  2. 1907
    1. Health visitor visited mothers to make sure she knew how to protect her baby's hhealth
  3. 1908
    1. Old age pensions
  4. 1909
    1. Back to back housing banned
  5. 1912
    1. Free medical treatment
  6. 1911
    1. National Insurance Act
      1. Medical help
      2. Sick pay
      3. Worker and employer had to pay into a sickness fund
        Opposition
        Only for workers not families
        Most women and children excluded
      4. People's reactions
        Conservatives
        Cost too much
        Workers against deductions from wage
        Labour
        Did not like that workers had to fund their own benefits
  7. Why social reforms happened
    1. New liberalism
      1. Winston Churchill and Lloyd George
        Philanthropists
    2. National Efficiency
      1. Fears the Britain was in decline
      2. Strong, healthy, and educated workforce needed
        If Britain was to stay as a world power
    3. German model
      1. Bismarck' progressive social legislation in Germany
      2. Strong economy and military
      3. Sickness insurance for workers
    4. Political competition with Labour

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