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30622862
Cellular Respiration
Descripción
DOES NOT INCLUDE PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Sin etiquetas
cellular respiration
biology
Mapa Mental por
emma vilmenay
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
emma vilmenay
hace más de 3 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Cellular Respiration
ETC
in cristae
inner membrane of mitochondria
generates no ATP
ATP generated by ATP synthase
generates a proton concentration gradient
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a proton (H+) gradient to drive cellular work
oxygen is the final proton acceptor
ETC would not function w/o oxygen
no oxidation
no final proton acceptor
carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons
electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain
energy being used by proton pumps
energy stored in H+ gradient across a membrane couples the redox reactions of the ETC to ATP synthase
Citric Acid Cycle
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
completes the breakdown of oxygen
7 steps to decompose citrate back to oxaloacetate
aerobic
Acetyl CoA + NAD+ + FAD +2ADP + 2Pi ---> 4CO2 + 6NADH + 6H+ +2FADH2 +2ATP
NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy from food
produces 3 NADH per cycle
produces 2 FADH per cycle
takes place in mitochondrial matrix
oxidation of organic molecules
why is the citric acid cycle a cycle?
the four-carbon acid that accepts the Acetyl CoA in the first step is regenerated
glycolysis
glucose + NAD --> 2ATP +2NADH +2 pyruvate
anaerobic
glucose gets oxidized
2 phases
energy investment phase
energy as ATP put in
2 ATP put in
energy payoff phase
net creation of ATP and NADH
4 ATP ( net total of 2 ATP)
in cytosol
ATP Synthase
uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation
creates the bulk of ATP
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP
uses ADP and an inorganic phosphate
oxidative phosphorylation
after protons are pumped into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, they flow back to ATP synthase
produces the largest number of ATP during cellular respiration
Stepwise energy harvest
series of steps during cellular respiration
this is so energy can be stored in carrier molecules instead of being released as heat
allows the energy of oxidation to be released in small pockets
aerobic vs anaerobic
aerobic
requires oxygen, produces more ATP
anaerobic
fermentation
allows cells to generate NAD for glycolysis
allows continuous generation of ATP by the substrate-level phosphorylation of glycolysis
produces lactic acid/ethanol
does not require oxygen
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
necessary for energetically unfavorable reactions
production releases 11-13 kcal
excess energy converted to heat
catabolic pathway
exergonic
"accompanied by the release of energy
Redox Reactions
OX: loses an electron
RED: gains an electron
the transfer of electrons releases energy
enzymes lower activation energy ands allow sugar to be oxidized
feedback inhibition
metabolic control
regulates the activity of enzymes in the glycolytic pathway
substrate level phosphorylation
uses inorganic phosphate to phosphorylate ADP
converts ADP to ATP
the addition of a phosphate to an organic compound
phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-biphosphate active site
rate limiting for glycolyis
allosteric regulatory enzyme
inhibitors: ATP, citrate
when ATP binds, the reaction slows
activator: AMP
Oxidation of pyruvate
converting pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
must happen before the citric acid cycle
joins citric acid cycle by combining w/ oxloacetate
carried out by a multi-enzyme complex
intermediates are passed directly from one enzyme to another
oxidized and decarboxylated
removed electrons used to reduce NAD+ to NADH
Biosynthesis
anabolic
uses small molecules to build other substances
may come from food, glycolysis, or citric acid cycle
NAD+ is an electron acceptor
gets reduced to NADH
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