3406158
Chemical components of
cells
- Cells are based
completely on:
- Carbon compunds
Chemical reactions
in aqueous
solutions
Complexity
Polymeric
molecules Strict
regulation
- Living organisms
- Conformed of 96% of CHONSP
- They are joined by more
than a covalent bond
- They are joined by more
than a covalent bond
- Conformed of 96% of CHONSP
- Living organisms
- Carbon compunds
Chemical reactions
in aqueous
solutions
Complexity
Polymeric
molecules Strict
regulation
- Chemical bonds
- Matter:
combination of
elements
- Atom: the
smallest
particle with
chemical
properties
- Conformed by
electrons, protons
and neutrons
- The sum of them is
the atomic number
- Electron: negative
Proton: positive
Neutron: neutral
- Defines the
characteristics of
the atom
- Ionic bonds
- An atom gives up
an electron to
another atom
- Cation: positive
Anion: negative
- Electrostatic
atraction: force of
atraction betwen
2 atoms with
opposite charges
- Interaction
betwen ions
and water
defines
solubility
- Interaction
betwen ions
and water
defines
solubility
- Electrostatic
atraction: force of
atraction betwen
2 atoms with
opposite charges
- Cation: positive
Anion: negative
- An atom gives up
an electron to
another atom
- Covalent bonds
- Formed
when 2 atoms
share
electrons
- Molecule: group of
atoms linked by a
covalent bond
- Bond length: cores
separated by some
distance. Balance
between the forces of
attraction and repulsion.
- Simple: each atom
shares an electron
Double: Each atom
shares 2 electrons.
Intermediate: share
electrons unequally
- Polar Covalent
Bond: formed by
weak electrostatic
interactions
- Polar Covalent
Bond: formed by
weak electrostatic
interactions
- Simple: each atom
shares an electron
Double: Each atom
shares 2 electrons.
Intermediate: share
electrons unequally
- Bond length: cores
separated by some
distance. Balance
between the forces of
attraction and repulsion.
- Molecule: group of
atoms linked by a
covalent bond
- Formed
when 2 atoms
share
electrons
- Ionic bonds
- Electron: negative
Proton: positive
Neutron: neutral
- The sum of them is
the atomic number
- Conformed by
electrons, protons
and neutrons
- Atom: the
smallest
particle with
chemical
properties
- Matter:
combination of
elements
- The type of atoms
that are part of cells
- Isotopes: different
neutron number but
the same proton
number
- Atomic weight:
mass of the atom
relative to the
mass of hydrogen
- Measured in daltons
- Avogadro's number:
6x10 ^23
- Mol: number of
molecules available
for reactions.
- electrons in living
tissues suffer
reordering
- electrons in living
tissues suffer
reordering
- Mol: number of
molecules available
for reactions.
- Avogadro's number:
6x10 ^23
- Measured in daltons
- Atomic weight:
mass of the atom
relative to the
mass of hydrogen
- Isotopes: different
neutron number but
the same proton
number
- Outermost
electrons determine
interaction
- Electronic orbital: limit
of electrons in an
orbital
- Biological
molecules don't
use atoms with
more of 4 orbitals
- External orbital
complete= stable
- Living organisms:
incomplete orbitals to
form molecules
- Periodic table: the
result of ordering
elements by similar
properties
- Periodic table: the
result of ordering
elements by similar
properties
- Living organisms:
incomplete orbitals to
form molecules
- External orbital
complete= stable
- Biological
molecules don't
use atoms with
more of 4 orbitals
- Electronic orbital: limit
of electrons in an
orbital
- Bond strenght: amount of
energy required to break a bond
- Enzimes: specific catalysts
that control reactions
- Biology reactions depend on
non covalent bonds
- Biology reactions depend on
non covalent bonds
- Enzimes: specific catalysts
that control reactions
- Water
- 70% cell weight
Reactions occur in the
aqueous medium
- Hydrogen bonding: when an
H binds to another molecule
of water with the O
- Molecules with
polar bonds form
hydrogen bonding
and are soluble.
- Hydrophilic: likes water
Hydrophobic: hate water
- Formation of acids and bases
- Proton: When a
molecule is dissolved in
water and completely
gives up its electron
- Hydronium ion (H3O-): H is
associated and dissociated with the
Oxygen
- Acids: substance that
releases protons when is
dissolved in water.
- Weak: slowly loses it proton
Strong: quickly loses it proton
- Base: Substance capable
of accepting protons [OH]
- pH scale: representation of
hydronium ion
concentration in a
logarithmic scale
- Buffer: acid or base
that releases or
accepts protons near to
a pH of 7.
- Buffer: acid or base
that releases or
accepts protons near to
a pH of 7.
- pH scale: representation of
hydronium ion
concentration in a
logarithmic scale
- Weak: slowly loses it proton
Strong: quickly loses it proton
- Acids: substance that
releases protons when is
dissolved in water.
- Hydronium ion (H3O-): H is
associated and dissociated with the
Oxygen
- Proton: When a
molecule is dissolved in
water and completely
gives up its electron
- Formation of acids and bases
- Hydrophilic: likes water
Hydrophobic: hate water
- Molecules with
polar bonds form
hydrogen bonding
and are soluble.
- Hydrogen bonding: when an
H binds to another molecule
of water with the O
- 70% cell weight
Reactions occur in the
aqueous medium
- Molecules of the Cell
- Organic molecules
- Mainly conformed by
Carbon 30 atoms of
Carbon each Forms chains
and rings
- Sintetized from
the same
component
- 4 important families
- Sugars
- Functions:
Production and
storage of energy
Mechanicsupport
- Most important glucose
- Monosaccharide
- Simple form
Glycosidic bond
- Formed by one -OH
group from a sugar and
other -OH by a
condensation reaction
- Formed by one -OH
group from a sugar and
other -OH by a
condensation reaction
- Simple form
Glycosidic bond
- Disaccharide
- 2 monosaccharide
- 2 monosaccharide
- Oligosaccharide
- 3 to 50
monosaccharide
- Binded to proteins: glycoproteins
- Binded to lipids: glycolipids
- Binded to lipids: glycolipids
- Binded to proteins: glycoproteins
- 3 to 50
monosaccharide
- Polisaccharide
- Over 50
monosaccharides
- Over 50
monosaccharides
- Monosaccharide
- Most important glucose
- Functions:
Production and
storage of energy
Mechanicsupport
- Fatty Acids
- Two regions
- Large hidrophobic
chain of hydrocarbon
Carboxilic group very
reactive
- High storage of energy
Composition of membranes
- not soluble in water
- Triacilglycerol
- 3 chains of fatty acids binded to a glicerol molecule
- 3 chains of fatty acids binded to a glicerol molecule
- Triacilglycerol
- not soluble in water
- High storage of energy
Composition of membranes
- Large hidrophobic
chain of hydrocarbon
Carboxilic group very
reactive
- Two regions
- Aminoacids
- Carboxilic acid group + amin group
- Cells use them to
form proteins
3D structure
- Peptiodic bond: union of 2
adyacent aminoacids.
Polipeptide: chains of
aminoacids
- Peptiodic bond: union of 2
adyacent aminoacids.
Polipeptide: chains of
aminoacids
- Cells use them to
form proteins
3D structure
- 20 types in cells
- 5 of them hace electrical
charge 20 don't have
- 2 forms D and L
(proteíns)
- 2 forms D and L
(proteíns)
- 5 of them hace electrical
charge 20 don't have
- Carboxilic acid group + amin group
- Nucleotids
- NUCLEOSIDE:
Conformed by a nitrogen
cyclic compound binded
to a 5 carbon sugar
- Nucleotide=
Nucleoside +
phosfate group
- Ribonucleotids: contain ribose
Desoxirribonucleotids: contain
desoxiribose
- DNA:A, G, C, T RNA: (A. G. C, T) transporter
- DNA:A, G, C, T RNA: (A. G. C, T) transporter
- Ribonucleotids: contain ribose
Desoxirribonucleotids: contain
desoxiribose
- Nucleotide=
Nucleoside +
phosfate group
- pyrimidics:
Citocyn, timin, and
uracil
- Purins:
Guanine and
adenine
- Purins:
Guanine and
adenine
- Storage of
genetic
information
- NUCLEOSIDE:
Conformed by a nitrogen
cyclic compound binded
to a 5 carbon sugar
- Sugars
- 4 important families
- Sintetized from
the same
component
- Mainly conformed by
Carbon 30 atoms of
Carbon each Forms chains
and rings
- Inorganic molecules
- The rest of the
molecule
including water
- The rest of the
molecule
including water
- Organic molecules
- Macromolecules
- Most important
carbonated molecules
- Polymers conformed by
small organic molecules
- Give the most important
characteristics to living organisms
- Polymers of aminoacids
conform proteins
- especific sequence of subunits
- Conformed by the addition of a subunit in one of the sides.
- Non covalent bonds
- Allows the binding with other molecules
- Specificity
- Specificity
- Allows the binding with other molecules
- Non covalent bonds
- Conformed by the addition of a subunit in one of the sides.
- especific sequence of subunits
- Polymers of aminoacids
conform proteins
- Give the most important
characteristics to living organisms
- Polymers conformed by
small organic molecules
- Proteins
- Variety of functions
- Enximatic
Structural
Movement
- Enzimes: sintetize important molecules
- Structural proteins such as tubulin
- Structural proteins such as tubulin
- Enzimes: sintetize important molecules
- Enximatic
Structural
Movement
- Variety of functions
- Bonds
- Covalent bonds
- Allows the differents
shapes and structures
- Allows the differents
shapes and structures
- Ionic bonds
- Strong but weak on water
- Strong but weak on water
- Van der Waals forces
- Atraction between big molecules
- Atraction between big molecules
- Covalent bonds
- Most important
carbonated molecules
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