Psychodynamic approch

Nota:

• - All problems have origins in childhood experience - unconscious of true nature of motives of behaviour

1. Freud
   1. oral stage

      Nota:

      • - feeling at this stage influence personality - emotions generated depending on if the infant's needs are met
   2. anal stage

      Nota:

      • unable to express feelings or emotions
   3. phallic stage

      Nota:

      • - longing for opposite sex parent caused sexual feelings to be repressed in fear of punishment from same sex parent - this sexual experience continues to affect relationship style in adult life
   4. id 'it'

      Nota:

      • - primitive insticts - irrational - ultimate motives of behaviour
   5. ego 'I'

      Nota:

      • rational
   6. superego 'above I'

      Nota:

      • - rules and taboos - internalisation of parents' attitudes and belief
   7. defence mechanism

      Nota:

      • protect ego from pressure caused by conflict with other regions
      1. repression
      2. denial
      3. projection

         Nota:

         • attributing the feelings to the others rather than themselves
      4. Displacement
      5. reaction formation
      6. sublimation
      7. regression
2. Counsellor
   1. unravel the motives which are disguised by defence mechanism
   2. counter-transference
      1. therapist's own personality
      2. therapist's response to client's relationship
      3. shared interpersonal reality
   3. insights to maintain system
3. Features
   1. development of personality in childhood influence adult life
   2. transference (repeated destructive relationship pattern)
   3. defence mechanism - protect inner self
   4. counter-transference (helper's own feelings)
   5. problems = unresolved developmental tasks
   6. secure and consistent emotional attachment - crucial for mental health
   7. unconscious
   8. subjective
4. Techniques
   1. transference

      Nota:

      • counsellor being a blank slate
   2. analysis
   3. free assocation
   4. dreams
   5. interpretation
   6. arts/toys/tests/diaries
   7. time-limited approach
      1. assessment
      2. alternative referral/treatment
      3. IDE formula

         Nota:

         • I-interpersonal (issues from relationship) D-developmental (issues from psycho-social development) E-existential (aloneness, death) 
      4. why now
      5. identify and interpret transference as soon as it arises
5. Object Relations (Melanie Klein)

   Nota:

   • - quality of relationship with mother sets pattern in future relationship in adult life - splitting occurs to defend the love and hate feelings against the same object
6. attachment theory (Bolwby)

   Nota:

   • - internal working model similar to relations model but - emphasis on biological based mechanism - attachment style caused by significant others
   1. Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth)
      1. secure
      2. insecure-avoidant
      3. insecure-ambivalent
      4. insecure-disoriented
   2. Adult Attachment Interview (Mary Main)
      1. secure/automous
      2. dismissing
      3. preoccupied
      4. unresolved disorganised
7. Conversational Model

   Nota:

   • - clients talking about their feelings is important - embrace traditional psychodynamic concepts (separation/loss), humanistic theory (growth, awareness), existential (aloneness/togetherness)
   1. feeling words/metaphors
   2. links between feelings and event
   3. discovery of true voice