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382679
Structure and Properties 2
Descripción
AQA Additional Science
Sin etiquetas
gcse
chemistry
gcse
Mapa Mental por
vicky.pratt
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
vicky.pratt
hace más de 10 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Structure and Properties 2
Giant ionic structures 2.1
ionic compounds have giant structures
strong electrostatic forces hold the ions together
solid at room temperature
can't conduct electricity
no free electrons
ions can only vibrate about fixed positions
high melting and boiling points
large amount of energy need to overcome ionic bonds
when melted the ions are free to move
can carry electrical charge
some compounds can dissolve in water
water molecules split up the lattice
ions are free to move so can conduct electricity
Simple Molecules 2.2
atoms within a molecule are held together by strong covalent bonds
bonds only act between the atoms within the molecule
molecules have little attraction for each other
low melting and boiling points
intermolecular forces are weak and easily overcome
cannot conduct electricity as the molecule has no overall charge
Giant Covalent Structures 2.3
atoms can sometimes form several covalent bonds
these join together to form giant covalent structures or macromolecules
every atom is joined to several other atoms by strong covalent bonds
has a high melting point as teh bonds are difficult to break/overcome
Diamond
made of carbon
regular 3D giant structure
the atoms lock into place
covalently bonded to 4 other carbon atoms
makes it hard
makes it transparent
Graphite
covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms
1 electron from each carbon is delocalised
this allows graphite to conduct heat and electricity
formed in flat hexagonal 2D layers
no covalent bonds between layers
there are weak intermolecular forces
makes graphite soft and maluable as layers slide over each other
Fullerenenes
take the hexagonal layers and join them to form cage like structures
nano sizes so can be used to deliver drugs around the body and to reinforce materials
Giant Metallic structures 2.4
metal atoms are arranged in layers
when force is applied they slide over each other
metal bends/stretches
useful for making wires and rods
alloys are mixtures of metals/non-metals
due to the different sized atoms they distort the layers
make the layers difficult to slide over each other
harder than pure metals
Shape memory alloys
bent or deformed
when heated they return to their original shape
dental braces
metals have delocalised electrons
good conductors of heat and electricity
electrons can move quickly through the lattice
Properties of polymers 2.5
depend of the monomer used to make it and the conditions
thermosoftening polymer
poly(ethene)
polymer chains are tangled together
this means it can be reheated and re-moulded before setting hard again
weak forces hold them together and are broken when heated
when it cools the forces bring the molecules back together
thermosetting polymer
set hard when first moulded
strong covalent bonds cross link between the chains
Nano Science 2.6
atoms are arranged into very small particals
which behave differently to ordinary materials made of the same atom
a nanometre is 1 billionth of a metre
nanoparticals are a few nanometres in size
because of this they have a large surface area making them very useful
how it is used:
catalysts
cosmetics
sun screens
deodorants
the more they are used the greater risk of them getting into the air and our bodies
unpredictable consequences
more research needs to be done
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